Competition Bikes Inc. Storyline Essay Example for Free

contender Bikes Inc. Storyline EssayTo Vice PresidentThe following is a summary report to recommend whether tilt Bikes should change its traditional courting mode to activity ground costing, and an analysis of the discriminateeven point with regards to gross revenue building blocks and dollars for both CarbonLite and te bikes. It also discusses the impacts to the breakeven point. The cost-volume-profit evaluation and the traditional vs activity base costing method overhead analysis were used for the review and analysis.Traditional Based Costing vs operation Based CostingTraditional Based Costing regularity (TBC). TBC uses one rate, the overall cost of return, to estimate be based on the revenue productionion created. Unlike ABC, manufacturing be in TBC are only assigned to sold merchandises and do not account for nonmanufacturing costs such as administrative costs. This method is general not as accurate as ABC as it does not account for costs specifics to the leve l of products. For Competition Bikes, the alliance can regain its manufacturing overhead is $239,020 for the atomic number 22 bikes, and $232,380 for the CarbonLite bikes for a total of $471,400 in overhead costs. This means the unit cost for severally is $713 for te bikes, and $1359 for the CarbonLite bikes.Activity Based Costing Method (ABC). ABC determines and allocates cost by activities a company executes. This generally happens in four steps identify each activity and its associated costs, both total and mediate estimated cost driver and quantity allocation computation and cost allocation to the respective activity. ABC refines the way indirect costs are allocated to production and focuses on the costs of each individual activity. Costs are also further assigned to each product within the activities and each activity has its own cost driver. Because of thespecificity, active based costing provides a more accurate picture of the true costs. Direct material (DM), and direct labor (DL) are the same for each bike in using TBC or ABC.However, in using ABC, the company can break out the manufacturing overhead into factory setups, quality control, engineering services, product movements, utilities and services, and depreciation. The total for each bike using the ABC method is $590,715 for Titanium bikes, and $729,985 for CarbonLite bikes. Although the total is still the same $471,400 in overhead costs, the ABC method allows Competition Bikes to see that the Titanium bikes depreciate untold faster than the CarbonLite and that it takes more utilities and services to make those bikes. Factory setups and quality control are much higher for CarbonLite bikes than those for Titanium ones. Per unit, the Titanium Bikes cost $656 each and the CarbonLite bikes cost $1460.Recommendation.It is recommended to use ABC to determine true costs associated with activities and products. This will give the company more k straightawayledge of its funds and spending and in ret urn by seeing a clearer picture of costs, make better decisions on funding and budget, and gain cost savings. Activity based management in Competition Bikes can use ABC to make decisions that attach profits while still meeting customer needs. Understanding where costs are going will help Competition Bikes to remove unnecessary costs and set fair price for the products. Overpricing products causes a lost in merchandise sharing while underpricing products diminishes revenue. Better prices for consumers means more business for the company.With activity based costing, Competition Bikes will be able to determine the optimum sales units required with the sales mix of 9 Titanium bicycles produced for every 5 CarbonLite bicycles that will produce the bikes at San Diego at breakeven. The company will also be able to reevaluate activities on a regular basis to reduce future costs as well. Evaluating activities and setting sales prices are part of rank engineering. Currently the company th inks it costs $1359 to make a CarbonLite bike and have set the selling price accordingly. In reality, the bikes cost $1460 to make. With a $101 difference, the company may want to adjust their selling price in future months.Using ABC also allows the company to use the Just in beat (JIT) system. This system allows ensures materials are purchased just in time to produce the products, and products are completed just in time for delivery. JIT uses the demand-pull system to receive the order, schedule production, delivered materials, and destroyed product delivered to the customer. This lessens the amount of excess parts and inventory saving the company money as well.Breakeven PointThis analysis will evaluate the breakeven point for Competition Bikes Inc. Sales units and sales dollars will be identified for the breakeven point. These sales units and dollars will be broken down between CarbonLite and Titanium bikes.The breakeven point is used my companies to close out loss. The Cost Vo lume Profit (CVP) is the tool in which to capture the breakeven point. Sometimes it is referred to as the breakeven analysis. The CVP assists the company in identifying future operation need, production costs, and expansion possibilities based on estimating costs, prices, and volumes. This profit response can help Competition Bikes determine the amount of needed sales, what products to manufacture, pricing policies, marketing strategies, and how much profit is actually needed. In this analysis we will assume that the hardened and inconsistent costs remain constant, and that the number of units produced equals the number of units the company sells.CVP is defined by the equation perfect taxations occur Costs = Profit. The breakeven point is the point in which the CVP equals zero or, Revenues Expenses = 0. Meaning, the revenues cover all the costs, fixed and versatile. Therefore, the CVP can be further broken down into summarize Revenue Total Fixed Costs Total protean Costs = Total Profit.The region gross profit rim is then identified by Total Revenue Total Variable Costs (leaving out the fixed costs). Contribution Margin is important to identify the differences in each products profits. For Competition Bikes, the contribution boundary line for the Titanium bikes is $900-$679=$221. TheCarbonLite Bikes yield $1495-$1384=$111 each. Using the 450 Titanium bikes and 250 CarbonLite bikes sold, the total unite contribution strand for Competition Bikes is $127,000. Thats broken down like this Titanium Bikes contribution margin of $221 per unit, 450 units equals $221*450, or $99,450. CarbonLite bikes contribution margin of $111 per unit, 250 units equals $27,750. Contribution margins $99,450 + $27,750 = $127,200 Total Contribution Margin.To determine the profits in more detail, we use the equation (Selling Price (per unit) * amount Sold) (Variable Costs (per unit) * Quantity Sold) Fixed Expenses = Breakeven Point (Zero). The fixed costs are the units sold * the weighted average contribution margin. The weighted average contribution margin is used to find the breakeven point and is essentially the average of contribution margin amounts per unit. The equation is Total Contribution Margin / Total Quantity Sold. For Competition Bikes, our combined weighted average contribution is $181.71. Thats $127,200/ 700 units sold (450 Titanium and 250 CarbonLite bikes) = $181.71.To establish the breakeven point, we also need to know the combined revenue and costs as well. So we calculate total revenue as the following. Titanium bikes are $900 each and 400 units sold, equals $405,000. The CarbonLite bikes are $1495 each and 250 sold which equals $373,750. Combine the $405,000 + $373,750 = $778,750 Total Combined Revenue.The variable costs for each are Titanium bikes $679 in costs, 450 sold, which equals $305,550 or $679*450 = $305,550. CarbonLite bikes $1384 in costs, 250 sold, which equals $346,000, or $1384*250= $346,000. The two together, $ 305,550 + $346,000 = $651,550 Total Combined Variable Costs. The total combined margin can also be calculated by taking $778,750 subtracting the $651,550 and it equals the same $127,200 Total Combined Margin we calculated earlier. We use this as a nurse and balance system here.To determine the breakeven units, we look at the fixed costs and weighted average contribution margin discussed earlier. The fixed cost for the company is $400,000. shared by the weighted average contribution margin181.71, we get the breakeven units for the product sales mix of 2201.The contribution margin ratio is the percentage of contribution margin to revenue. To find the contribution margin ratio, we divide the total combined margin by the total revenue. This tells us by how much the price per unit exceeds the variable cost per unit. In this scenario, Total Combined Margin $127,000 divided by Total Revenue $778,750 which is .163, or $127,000 / $778,750 = .163 Contribution Margin Ratio.Since the bikes ar e not equal, we must calculate a product mix in addition to the weighted average. Using the weighted average, we can calculate the breakeven point in a proportionate way using sales units and sales dollars. For sales units, we take the breakeven units for the product sales mix and multiply it by the ratio of units sold divided by the total number of unit sold. So for Titanium, the sales units at the breakeven point is 450 / 700 * 2201, or 1415 units. For CarbonLite, 250 / 700 * 2201 = 786 units.To calculate the sales dollars, we multiply the sales units by the sales price. In this instance, Titanium is 1415 units compute by $900 cost for each unit or, 1415 * $900 = $1,276,500. CarbonLite is 786 units multiplied by $1495 price for each unit, or 786 * $1495 = $1,175,070. The combined total sales dollars is $2,451,570To break even, the profit must be zero. Gains and losses are equal. For Competition Bikes, the breakeven point is 1415, or $1,276,500 in Titanium bikes, and 786 CarbonL ite bikes, or $1,175,070.Impacts of the Breakeven PointA2b. Based on an evaluation of cost-volume-profit, Prepare a summary report that describes the impacts to the breakeven point if company management needed to increase the cost of direct materials by 10% cost increase and needed to add $50,000 in fixed costs to the production facility.Company management has asked for a report on the impacts of increasing thecost of direct materials by 10% and fixed costs by $50,000 in relation to the breakeven point. The contribution margin and weighted average are based in part on direct materials, or variable costs. Raising the costs by 10% is significant and will have a great impact on the company.Total Revenue is $778,750 and variable costs now $681,800. This increase is broken down by variable cost per unit to $709 for Titanium bikes, and $1551 for CarbonLite.The Contribution Margin per unit is now 191 and 44 respectively lowering the total combined contribution margin to $96,950. CarbonLite bikes contribution margin decreased from $111 to $44 per unit, over a 60% decrease. Calculated by dividing the Total Combined Contribution Margin $96,950 by the Total Units of 700, the 138.50 weighted average contribution margin per unit also dropped by 24% from 181.71. This shows how significant a 10% can be to the contribution margin. Ten percent in one area can mean much larger impact in other areas.With an increase in fixed costs to $450,000 that now brings the breakeven units for the product sales mix to 3249. We calculate this by $450,000 fixed costs divided by the lower weighed average contribution margin 138.50. This continues to affect numbers as we calculate sales units and sales dollars. Titanium bikes sales units are 450 units divided by 700 total units, multiplied by the weighted average 3249 for 2089 units. CarbonLite bike sales units are 250 units divided by the 700 total units, multiplied by the weighted average 3249, totaling 1160 sales. Sales dollars are calculate d as Titanium bikes 2089 units * $900 = $1,880,100 and CarbonLite bikes as 1160 units * $1495 = $1,734,200 for a total $3,614,300.The breakeven point is now increased. Sales for Titanium bikes is now up to 2089 units, or $1,880,100 and CarbonLite bikes up to 1160 units, or $1,734,200. By raising direct costs 10% and fixed costs 13%, Competition Bikes now has to sell 674 more Titanium bikes, and 374 CarbonLite bikes to break even. Thats a 48% increase.Based on this analysis, it would be in Competition Bikes best interest to establish to keep costs low. Variable and fixed costs show that a small increase can significantly impact the companys breakeven point. Variable costs have a higher impact than fixed costs. Direct costs per unit should be specifically addressed in reducing costs as well as increasing sales.

Process Design Matrix and Summary Essay Example for Free

Process Design Matrix and Summary EssayWell begin by defining carry outes development. According to (Chase Jacobs) process is defined as common manufactured products that describe the necessary essential steps for the design of a product. These methods represent a canonical sequence of steps or activities that an organization uses to create or modify a product. Many of these tasks involve more intellectual knowledge than physical activity. somewhat companies define and follow an accurate and detailed development process, while others may non even be able to describe their processes. Every company uses a different process from any other company in fact, the analogous organization may follow a different process for each of its products or markets. The purpose of this strategy process is to design a process that pieces the customers needs and to product details within the cost and other administrative constraints. Note that the selected process will put one over a long ter m effect on competition and the flexibility of the production, as well as on the cost and persona of goods produced. Therefore, much of the procedures strategy is provided at the epoch of the decision making. I work at Humana Healthcare Insurer Company. It is a Kentucky based Company with 45 historic period in the market, a leader in consumer-centric health benefits and a Fortune 100 company with revenues of more than $ 30 billion, ranking 79 in our evolving ascend to well-being.To help people achieve lifelong well-being, the elements of purpose, belonging, security and health all work together to produce true well-being and we make our contribution to large than balance through core strength of our health. Taking into considering the service offered, which is a health insurance plan, Humana has a visit center that uses an advanced technology political program that allows access to multiple platforms at the same time to focus on solving the resolution of the clamor. Calls a re answered by highly trained personnel to meet the highest standards of quality and customersatisfaction. We answer calls in a time of 20-80 seconds allowing each call to be a good experience for our customers. This will allow flows and processes knowing to meet and comply with operational requirements and customer needs. To reach the highest levels of satisfaction our Call Center Workforce Management sphere has to forecast calls volume, agent requirement calculation, contrast results and build schedule workforce. Our results of the survey conducted to our customers exceed the standards of 98 percent satisfaction. Another service that Humana offers are programs directed to health care. Prevention is one of the main approaches for optimal health.Humana adds value promoting programs such as Humana Beginning for pregnant women, asthma prevention program and nutrition programs where our nutritionists coordinate health programs to guide and promote an optimal health that would resul t in healthier employees and lower utilization costs. With this vision a 30 percent reduction of your bill for medical claims is expected. The technology used for the call distribution its an ACD which allows equitable distribution. Humana provides a dedicated unit called SBU / VIP Area which is a dedicated area of integrated services for our customers. The objective of this area is to manage VIP customer calls through this dedicated area, offering them an exclusive and unique service. Our product is intangible, where each of our programming methods is directed to the contact with the customer, the response time is short, and our markets are local and international. Another of our features is the simultaneous production and consumption with response duty cycles that are closed after each call and systems technology for call log inquiries to document the call resolution. The main objective is to improve quality, associates productivity and timely response.ReferencesBoothroyd, G.,P. D ewhurst and W. Knight. Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly. 2nd ed New York wave Dekker 2002 Cooper, R. G Winning at New Products Accelerating the Process from Idea to Launch Reading MA Perseus Books. 2001 Morgan James M., and Jeffrey K. Liker The Toyota Product Development System Integratimg People, Process, and Technology. New York productivity Press, 2006 Ulrich, Karl T., and Steven D Eppinger. Product Design an Development 3rd ed. New YorkMcGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2004 Un diagrama de flujo est diseado para representar un proceso, ya sea en negocios o en lo personal, para mostrar la forma ms eficaz de completar un proceso. Un diagrama de flujo puede ayudar a visualizar lo que est pasando y ayudar a la persona o personas que estn buscando en ellas para entender el proceso que se describe, y si es necesario, la forma de mejorarlo. Cada da, las personas realizan diferentes tareas que consumen una gran parte de su rutina diaria. En el siguiente artculo, de un proceso especfico ha sido identificado y, a continuacin un diagrama de flujo ha sido diseado para mostrar los diferentes factores que pueden afectar el proceso, as como la mtrica especfica que identifica el proceso. En el diseo de un diagrama de flujo, los resultados muestran cmo la cantidad de tiempo podra ser minimizado y que hacer para que el proceso sea ms eficiente. Hay diferentes tipos de diagramas de flujo, y cada uno tiene diferentes cuadros que representan distintas etapas en el proceso que se discute. Tambin pueden incluir distintos niveles de detalle, segn sea necesario y se muestra la estructura general del sistema. Diagramas de flujo suelen utilizar smbolos especiales, como los diamantes o rectngulos. Un rectngulo de bordes redondos representa las actividades de inicio y finalizacin. Un rectngulo regular representa una actividad o un solo paso. Un diamante representa el punto de decisin. Las lneas de flujo muestran la progresin de una etapa a la siguiente. Los factores que afectan el proces o de diseo de tiempo dedicado a prepararse para el da sern los siguientes 1. Por qu me levanto de inmediato o no oprim el botn de la alarma? 2. Est mi ropa planchada para el da o tienen que ser planchada? 3. Mis hijos preparan genus Sus bultos para sus prcticas de volleyball en la noche o lo hacen en la maana? 4. Mi hijo de 11 aos tienen practica o va a quedarse en casa? Si tiene prctica, el tiempo debe ser aadido en vestirse, lavarse la cara, cepillarse los dientes, desayunar. Todos y cada uno de estos factores puede afectar el tiempo de proceso, ya que potencialmente pueden afectar la cantidad de tiempo dedicado a cada tarea. Algunas otras medidas que podran incluirse en la rutina de la maana son los siguientes 1) Lavarse los dientes2) Ducha3) Secarse el cabello4) Aplicar el maquillajeLa mtrica que se ha identificado para medir este proceso ser el tiempo. Estoy buscando una manera ms eficiente para agilizar el trfico de la maana con mis hijos a partir del tercer grado en dos seman as y un beb recin nacido en casa. El diagrama de flujo incorporar la mtrica del tiempo para cada da de la semana que se est estudiando, en un plazo de cinco das. El tiempo es un componente crtico en la maana si me les pido a mis hijos preparar los bultos para las prcticas de volleyball a tiempo o salir por la puerta para el nombramiento de un mdico u otra actividad programada. Los tiempos que se enumeran a incluir la colecta de datos durante cinco das de la semana del 3 de octubre de 2011. Lunes, 10/03/11 tiempo de preparacin 32 minutosMartes, 10/04/11 tiempo de preparacin 20 minutosMircoles, 10//05/11 tiempos para prepararse 33 minutosJueves, 10/06/11 tiempo para prepararse 15 minutosViernes, 10/07/11 tiempo de preparacin 19 minutosEl tiempo total gastado en el transcurso de cinco das 119 minutos Un diagrama de flujo puede ayudar a una persona a decidir qu medidas tomar para agilizar un proceso en el trabajo o en su vida personal. El diagrama de flujo que dise muestra claramente qu e el fin de agilizar la rutina de la maana, es necesario cuidar al mximo la noche anterior. Esto incluye el planchado de la ropa, preparar los bultos, y tener a mi hijo ducha. El diseo del diagrama de flujo muestra el tiempo extra que ser necesaria si cada paso que no se toma el cuidado de la noche anterior, o AM si me decido a golpear el botn del despertador a las 600 a.m.CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITYI certify that the attached paper is my original work. I am familiar with, and observe my responsibilities which are part of, the University of Phoenix Student Code of Academic Integrity. I affirm that any section of the paper which has been submitted previously is attributed and cited as such, and that this paper has not been submitted by anyone else. I have identified the sources of all information whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, all images, and all quotations with citations and reference listings. Along withcitations and reference listings, I have used quotation marks to ident ify quotations of fewer than 40 words and have used block indentation for quotations of 40 or more words. cryptograph in this assignment violates copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property laws. I further agree that my name typed on the line below is intended to have, and shall have, the same validity as my handwritten signature

The India-Pakistan Relationship

The India-Pakistan RelationshipIndia Pakistan relationship has been marred with difference of opinion ever since their independence and both the nations accept been heterogeneous in three major contendf bes bowl date in1947-48, 1965 and 1971. In 1998, both countries conducted atomic tests to enter the thermo thermo thermo atomic powered nations club. This led a few number of experts to profess that the atomic determent would incline to stabilization of conflict in the sub continent and resoluteness in establishment of peace. This kind of intimidation was witnessed by the population for the second time, the first creation thermonuclear disincentive mingled with the cold state of struggle foes of NATO and Warsaw P deed countries and to be to a great extent specific the US and USSR. Experts from the field of outside(a) relations who apply the theories developed in the cold state of war era Europe to the S go forthh Asian rivalry professed that the chances of for mal conflict using perpetual hurls argon a thing of the past in case of these two nations. This theory was further reinforced by the Kargil war and the standoff subsequent to the attack on Indian Parliament in 2001.In 1999 Pakistan occupied a large number of posts after crossing the LOC in the Kargil sector, threatening the crucial Srinagar Leh highway using regular troops in the guise of Mujahids. The Indian Army reacted to the situation by regrouping and launching Operation Vijay, and started to recapture the posts by forcibly removing Pakistani troops occupying the posts. This subroutine was likewise accompanied by a full scale mobilisation of its soldiery forces by India just despite the tough posturing by India the war remain exceptional to the Kargil sector. This was primarily because of tremendous pressure mounted by the international community, especially the US fearing that this conflict whitethorn escalate to a nuclear plain.In 2001 the same massive mobilisation wa s witnessed by both the countries when they had their forces deployed against each other ready for combat. This time in December 2001 chase the attack on the Indian parliament by a group of militants trained in Pakistan. The situation reached a flash point when on 14 May 2002, when a nonher(prenominal) terrorist attack on the Indian Army camp in Kaluchak threatened to start a war between the two nuclear neighbours. In this sheath as well as, as seen in Operation Vijay, India despite posturing did not take any punitive offensive action against Pakistan despite having all its forces in a completely mobilized state.The above incidents did reflect a situation where in Pakistan had effectively used the nuclear disincentive to attain strategical parity with India negating a unoriginal disadvantage and thus supposedly giving it immunity to conduct sub ceremonious trading operations without the fear of any retri justion. thusly India to face major challenges in conducting sub effe cted spectrum in Kashmir, which Pakistan initiated after covertly attaining the nuclear technology in the late 1980s. Its effected strength negated, and with no option to retaliate India recollect itself in a position where it get out have to work its way around this nuclear parity, so as to be able to stifle the Pakistan back up terrorism. whence, we need to c arfully postulate the nuclear capableness and doctrine of Pakistan in conjunction with the theories of nuclear deterrence, to work out ways for India to exploit its massive unoriginal superiority by utilizing it to escalate the conflict spectrum, much(prenominal) that it remains under the level of Total War.METHODOLOGYSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMTo analyze nuclear deterrence in India Pakistan relations. Explore the possibility of use of conventional forces by India to counter the sub conventional threat faced from Pakistan, composition avoiding a nuclear war. meditationHaving attained nuclear ability Pakistan has been playing with a presumption that Indias conventional superiority has been totally negated by the nuclear symmetry and has encouraged the Pakistani army elite to intensify the ongoing Proxy War in Jammu and Kashmir. This has had catastrophic consequences for India, which though enjoying substantial conventional superiority, is unable to use it to counter Pakistans sub conventional threat. It is therefore important to study the interaction between conventional and nuclear deterrence on the India Pakistan relations and generate credible conventional responses to the sub conventional conflict India finds itself embroiled in Jammu and Kashmir.JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDYIndian armed forces along with paramilitary forces are deeply committed in counterinsurgency operations in Jammu Kashmir, which is fallout of the sub conventional operations by Pakistan in the state. This has been possible due(p) to the event, that Pakistan has been able to achieve strategic parity with India by attain ing nuclear capability which affords it certain degree of immunity from direct retaliation through conventional means by Indian forces. Off late, the thought process in higher echelons of Indian leadership has been to ascertain What should be Indias response, should Pakistan continue with its sub conventional campaign? While a majority of international relation theorists who study the nuclear deterrence during the cold war, suggest that the likelihood of a conventional conflict between two nuclear armed rivals are slim, as it leads to a situation of mutually assured destruction (MAD). neertheless, it would be injudicious to apply these theories in their entirety in the Indo Pak context, as the conditions and realties that exist in South Asia are considerably different than that of the cold war. olibanum there exists a window for vertical escalation of the ongoing sub conventional engagement which is below the nuclear threshold. This would however depend on Pakistans response to a conventional threat, as it the weaker party. Thus any suggested response for India should also carefully consider the Pakistani nuclear capability and doctrine as well, so as to work out practical options for use of conventional military and allow India to effectively counter its asymmetric threat. This study is thus fuck offed at ascertaining the possibility of a conventional war between India and Pakistan without it getting escalated to a total war.SCOPEThe paper concentrates on analysing the effect of nuclear deterrence on India and Pakistan relations, applicability of versatile international relation theories on this relationship and possibility of use of conventional forces by India as counter to legate war waged by Pakistan while staying below the nuclear threshold.METHODS OF DATA COLLECTIONThe methodology employed in this investigation to gather information and data was as follows examine of literature on nuclear capability and doctrines of India and Pakistan.Study of various International Relation theories worked out to explain the superpower relations during the cold war.Scanning various articles and books by authors concerning the nuclear situation in South Asia.A bibliography of sources examine and referred has been appended at the end of the text.ORGANISATION OF THE DISSERTATION (CHAPTERISATION)The dissertation has been carried out in the by-line parts-Chapter I Introduction. The background, introduction to the subject and methodology depart be covered in this chapter.Chapter II Deterrence In Context Of India Pakistan Relations. This chapter leave behind cover the theoretical aspects of deterrence and its applicability in the context of India Pakistan relationship.Chapter III Nuclear Peace speculation Manifestation in India Pakistan Relations. This chapter will study the speculation of nuclear peace as propounded by academic experts of international relations and analyse the India Pakistan relations in its light.Chapter IV Pak istans Nuclear implements Capability And Command authorisation Setup. This chapter deals with the nuclear mechanisms capability that Pakistan possesses, to allow in its weapon system and delivery platforms, as well as the nuclear command and control setup.Chapter V Nuclear Weapon Use by Pakistan Probability and Scenarios. This chapter will concentrate on the probability of nuclear weapon use by Pakistan and the various scenarios in which they are probable to be used.Chapter VI Options Available To India For Use Of Conventional Forces. This chapter will study the options available with India to use conventional force to deter Pakistan from undertaking sub conventional operations in Kashmir.Chapter VII Conclusion. The conclusion of the paper and appropriate recommendations will be made in this chapter.CHAPTER IIDETERRENCE IN CONTEXT OF INDIA PAKISTAN dealingsWe will not prematurely or unnecessarily risk the costs of worldwide nuclear war in which even the fruits of victory would be ashes in our mouth.John F. KennedyThe record book deterrence comes from the latin verb deterree, which means to frighten. It is an attempt to influence how and what an enemy thinks and does1. Thus deterrence is a state of mind that prevents a deterree from acting in a way a deterror considers harmful. In a simplistic form, deterrence is a crucial factor in the mind of someone severe to decide the benefits of executing a crime versus the likelihood and consequences of getting caught2.The success or failure of deterrence also depends upon how the message is conveyed by the deterror to the deterree. In vagabond to elucidate this aspect, the situation before the two Gulf Wars needs to be considered and understood which highlights the importance of how the deterrence message is framed and understood, as well as how disastrous it can be to fail to understand the thinking of the other side. Before Saddam Hussain invaded Kuwait in August 1990, the US diplomatic and political pos itioning was such that it failed to give a clear message that it would react strongly to any Iraqi invasion. hence failure to understandably convey deterrence between the sides, ultimately lead to the war.The example brings into play the lesser known twin of deterrence which is compellance3. Deterrence can also be specify as the prevention of action for fear of the consequences, brought about by the existence of a credible threat of unacceptable counteraction. Thus, it is designed to prevent something. Compellance on the other great deal involves threat of consequences designed to cause the other party to reverse or to stop carrying out some unwanted action or activity, which has already occurred, the result is war. Similar analysis could be applied to the Cuban Missile Crisis, where initial misunderstandings lead to the failure of both deterrence and compellance. One could also use the word coercion to cover both deterrence and compellance.Another associated question4with the co ncept of deterrence which arises is How much is enough? Since deterrence is essentially a psychological phenomenon, it is not surprising that how much punishment is sufficient to deter another state, which has always been a controversial and an elastic standard.Types of Military DeterrenceMilitary deterrence are of two kinds defensive (conventional) and by punitive (nuclear)5. Effective deterrence is a matter of convincing an opponent that certain harm to him will accompany the act one wishes to deter. Thus it amounts to the imposition of a calculus of risk and value on an opponent, such that the value of the act sought to be deterred does not devolve the risk, which is an assessment of the likelihood and the extent of harm. For deterrence to succeed, the enemy has to be persuaded that the deterror has the capacity to act, in a manner that it inflicts greater cost than the advantages to be won by attaining the objective, and that it would actually undertake the act if it is require d to. However if the deterror takes the threat of retaliation into account, he can no longer deter all objectionable acts. Thus making it obligatory on the deterror to distinguish between those objectives of indispensable value such as national survival, and objects of relationly less importance/value.While in the overall gambit of geopolitics there are large number of instruments of state power which work to deter an adversary, to include but not limited to, political, economic, diplomatic, military power. However in purely military terms deterrence is of two types-Conventional Deterrence. This is the deterrence accrued by a nation owing to it possessing a higher military strength, which would mean quality and quantity of hardware as well as trained military force. This spectrum of military power will include land, air and naval forces. This type of deterrence can be easily achieved by the nation which has a larger resource base both in terms of population as well as economic cap ital. Therefore, in a bilateral conflict the country which is larger in coat tends to be the nation which generally has more deterrent potential (militarily), as it is assumed that it can not only maintain a larger force but would also be able to sustain the conflict much longer.Nuclear Deterrence. This is the deterrence accrued by a nation when it possesses a nuclear weapon, and is studied separately because nuclear weapon exchange is likely to have such substantial effect to both the parties that it would force any nation irrespective of its size to ponder on the effects of such an engagement, hence forcing the dilemma of cost-benefit ratio in the minds of leaders of both the sides. Thus a weaker/smaller nation which faces a superior nation always opts for a nuclear deterrence, as was evident after the end of the Second World War, wherein the United States laid emphasis on developing its nuclear arsenal to counter the numerical superiority of the erstwhile USSR.Nuclear deterrence theory consists of six key elements6, which have to be well-to-do to be of any effect, these are-The assumption of a very severe conflict.The assumption of rationality.The concept of retaliatory threat.The concept of unacceptable damage.The notion of credibility.The notion of deterrence stability.Conventional Deterrence in Relation of India PakistanIndia as a nation possesses all ingredients to effectively deter Pakistan in as far as conventional deterrence is concerned. However, this was not always the case, as after independence being of roughly comparable size both in economic and military strengths, India had limited deterrent capability. Although India did enjoy numerical superiority in its armed forces it was hardly sufficient to act as a deterrent for its new neighbour, pair with the fact that Pakistani military leadership wrongly meditationed that there soldier were better than their Indian counterparts and any advantage accrued due to numerical superiority was more tha n compensated. Their belief of superiority was further fortified when as part of its alliance with the US they received technologically advanced weaponry hence achieving qualitative bunt over India. This myth carried by the Pakistani elite for a considerable period of time, manifested in the various wars which the two nations have since fought. However this misconception of its superior relative strength came crashing on the Pakistani leadership in 1971 when facing the full potential of the Indian military, it was not only defeated convincingly but also lead to it being bifurcated. Post 1971 there was no conventional conflict as India successfully deterred Pakistan, which till then was always the aggressor. This deterrence that India possessed was for the following reason-Conventional superiority of the Indian military infrastructure both as quantitatively well as qualitatively.Economic superiority, considering the size of Indian parsimony vis--vis that of Pakistan.Diplomatic stre ngth wherein India had a larger clout in the comity of nations including Islamic states, being considered a peace loving nation which is actively involved in various international forums.Effectiveness of Conventional Deterrence Against PakistanIndia Pakistan relationship is going through a period during which no conventional conflict has occurred between them for a long time. However, this period does not signify that of peace as India has been facing a heightened level of sub conventional threat in Kashmir from Pakistan. So the question which arises is that has India been able to achieve effective deterrence against Pakistan or not?The extent and severity of the sub conventional threat that India faced in Kashmir is clearly brought out by the figure 1.FIGURE 1 FATALITY LEVELS IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR7The details given above make it clearly evident that though India whitethorn have deterred a conventional conflict but the same may not hold true for the sub conventional spectrum. This can be attributed to the advance of nuclear weapons capability by Pakistan as the threat of conventional conflict reduced Pakistan adopted an aggressive policy of sub conventional operations against India8. Thus providing a political lever to the Pakistani ruling class to be exploited in international as well as national arena, while reducing the efficacy of Indian Army by embroiling it in asymmetric warfare leading to a classical case of Stability Instability Paradox, which is defined as under-To the extent that the military balance is immutable at the level of all out nuclear war, it will become less stable at lower levels of violence9.Another expert elaborates nuclear weapons can generate risk taking because they presumably provide an insurance policy against escalation10.23. Hence it is pertinent to note that while India enjoys substantial conventional deterrence the same seems to be ineffective when faced with a nuclear adversary which is undertaking a sub conventional opera tion against it. Therefore, a thorough analysis would be necessary to ascertain whether India can utilize its conventional superiority and come out of the stability-instability logjam, thus leading to the end of strife in Kashmir. The only example which can be studied to derive suitable future courses of action would be the nuclear deterrence between the NATO and the Warsaw pact countries during the cold war. This nuclear relationship was studied extensively and a number of international relation theories formalized to explain the interaction between the two parties. The most prominent of these hypotheses, forwarded by international relations experts, in as far as conflict involving nuclear states are concerned is the Nuclear Peace Hypothesis which may shed some light on the status of the current relations between India and Pakistan.However the theories evolved in a different set of situations may not be fully applicable to India Pakistan relations and thus require suitable modific ations to be relevant. And is it possible, at least theoretically, for India to escalate the conflict to conventional level.CHAPTER IIINUCLEAR PEACE HYPOTHESIS MANIFESTATION IN INDIA PAKISTAN RELATIONSNo explanation for the current strategic situation is satisfactory without a definition of the nuclear situation no definition of the nuclear situation is possible without knowledge of the laws that rule deterrence.Andre BeaufreDo nuclear weapons reduce the probability of war? From the starting days of the nuclear weapon development, proponents of nuclear deterrence solicitd that these weapons have the capacity to reduce the probability of conventional war resulting in what may be called as the Nuclear Peace. Studying the dynamics of the Cold War, some scholars have argued that this is indeed what happened. Despite large number of crises and some(prenominal) proxy wars, the US and USSR avoided a direct military confrontation as both feared an escalation to a nuclear plain. They sug gest that unlike conventional deterrence, nuclear deterrence is extremely robust because even irrational or unintelligent leaders are likely to recognize the exceedingly high cost of nuclear war. Therefore, proponents of nuclear deterrence claim with a high degree of confidence that the probability of major war among states having nuclear weapons approaches zero.Although Cold War was fierce but it never did escalate to World War III. Indeed, some experts argue that Cold War can be thought of as the Long Peace. And despite the collapse of eastern Block and the end of Cold War the relative period of peace continues. However, other forms of warfare (sub conventional, asymmetric warfare, etc.) have been seen in various parts of the world but no major war has broken out. So what is responsible for the absence of major wars between great powers after WWII? The three main schools of international relations (IR) theorists have each offered answers to this question11.Neo-Liberalism. As per Neo-liberals democracy, trade and international organizations are the key causes of peace.Constructivism. While constructivists view democracy, trade, and international organizations as important factors, argue that the main facilitator of the Long Peace are the evolving norms and the social construction of identity.Neo-realism. They attribute peace during the Cold War to bipolarity and nuclear deterrence.Robert Rauchhaus has quantitatively evaluated the nuclear peace hypothesis and his findings indicate that the impact of nuclear weapons is more complicated than is conventionally appreciated12. He further theorizes that when nuclear asymmetry exists between two states, a greater chance of military divergences and war exists. In contrast, when there is symmetry and both states possess nuclear weapons, then the odds of war drop drastically. When combined, these findings provide frequent for the existence of the stability instability paradox. Evidence suggests that while nuclear weap ons promote strategic stability, they simultaneously allow for more risk-taking in lower intensity disputes. He thus gives out the following hypotheses-Hypothesis 1. The probability of major war between two states will decrease if both states possess nuclear weapons13.Hypothesis 2. The probability of crisis initiation and limited uses of force between two states will increase when both states possess nuclear weapons14.Hypothesis 3. The probability of major war between two states will decrease or remain constant if one state possesses nuclear weapons15.Hypothesis 4. The probability of lower level conflicts will decrease or remain the same if one state possesses nuclear weapons16.Applicability of Nuclear Peace Hypothesis in India Pakistan RelationsHaving studied the various nuclear peace hypotheses, it will be clear that the first two would be applicable in the context of India Pakistan relations, as both countries are nuclear states. These hypotheses do hold considerably well, when w e see them in relation to India Pakistan conflict, the same has been discussed in subsequent sub paragraphs-Hypothesis 1. The probability of major war between two states will decrease if both states possess nuclear weapons17. Relations between India and Pakistan have repeatedly reached flashpoints wherein they were dangerously close to an all out war ( Kargil 1999, Op Parakaram 2001) but they somehow manged to avoid escalating the conflict into an open war, hence maintaining strategic peace. This hypothesis may also apply to the pre 1998 era where in both the nations had acquired nuclear capability but had still not come out in open. India although having conducted its first nuclear test in 1974 is said to have acquired operational capability only in early 1980s, while Pakistan is said to have attained the capability somewhere between 1986 and 1990.Hypothesis 2. The probability of crisis initiation and limited uses of force between two states will increase when both states possess n uclear weapons18. If we study the trend of sub conventional operations by Pakistan in Kashmir it would be clearly evident that the same was initiated by Pakistan on covertly acquiring the nuclear capability during the period mentioned19and then again given a novel impetus after the 1998 nuclear tests. Thus it may be theorised, that Pakistan has used nuclear deterrence to negate Indias conventional superiority, while engaging in a sub conventional conflict. This hypothesis is also called the Stability Instabilty Paradox which was first discussed in detail by Mr Snyder in an essay in 1965.The situation is such that terrorism has become the foremost issue, which divides India and Pakistan20. And while a cursory study of the above hypotheses may lead one to conclude that the probability of fighting a conventional war is bleak, it must be understood that though the hypothesis says that a major war is unlikely between India Pakistan, a major war is defined as when one of the nation want s to completely subject the other to its will21. This is in contrast the thinking of the present military leadership, which misunderstands it with any conflict in which conventional forces are used. Thus as per the hypothesis a repeat of 1971 war may be unfeasible, but a repeat of 1965 may be a possibility, till the time the aims of the conflict are limited and both the parties are clearly aware of the same. This does have a historical example, the Sino-Soviet dispute of 1968, where both the sides had nuclear capability but since the aims of the war were limited neither parties used a nuclear weapon even when faced with an adverse outcome. Therefore there is a case for India to utilise its conventional forces, to counter the Pakistan initiated proxy war, by initiating a punitive limited objective war with Pakistan, with the sole aim of deterring it from continuance of the sub conventional war in Kashmir.Applicability of Cold War International Theories in South AsiaWhile there may ha ve been the Long Peace during the cold war because of nuclear deterrence, but is it applicable to the Indo Pak relation? The answer to this question is more likely to be negative for the following reasons22-While Pakistans security concern is India centric, those of India extend beyond South Asia. Thus the relation is not a standalone interaction but is subject to pressures from external factors, which are unpredictable. This is contrary to the relation dynamics of the cold war.India Pakistan also do not enjoy the same degree of independence of action, as was available to the US and USSR. This is due to the fact that, unlike the cold war rivals who were at the top of the power hierarchy, India and Pakistan will be subject to interference/influence in their policy and closing making processes.Geographical proximity of the two countries is also a facet which did not exist in the cold war and thus both countries will be affected by wind movements and fallout in case of a nuclear att ack on the other.However, the foremost reason for non applicability of the theories in South Asia is because unlike the cold war where both the sides were led by satisfied powers i.e. the powers had accepted the status quo in Europe which was concretized by the Helsinki process, Pakistan is a revisionist state. Wherein Pakistan wants to change the status quo in South Asia w.r.t. Kashmir23.However to postulate feasibility for use of conventional forces for punitive action against Pakistan, it would be prudent to study Pakistans nuclear capabilities and command control setup besides the international relation theories. are feasible not only as per international relations theories but also practical in view of the nuclear weapons capability that Pakistan possesses and the nuclear command control structure it has in place to use a nuclear weapon against India. This is because to have an extremely low nuclear threshold, as Pakistan professes to have, it requires certain capabilities and infrastructure to be in place which is still deficient. Hence it is necessary to study the nuclear capability and command control setup of Pakistan.CHAPTER IVPAKISTANS NUCLEAR WEAPONS CAPABILITY AND COMMAND CONTROL SETUPDeterrence is greatest when military strength is coupled with the willingness to employ it. It is achieved when one sides readiness to run risks in relation to the other is high it is least effective when the willingness to run risks is low, however powerful the military capability. hydrogen KissingerThe foundation for the India Pakistan conflict is complex, Pakistans fears about India are not only because of the imbalance of power and Indian ambition for regional power status, but also because of the pre divider conflict and divergent ideas of nationalism24. Since independence the relations between the two countries have never been normal or even

The Theoretical Basis Of Agritourism

The Theoretical Basis Of Agri touristryAgri touristry can be explained as a kindle enterprise operated for the enrapturement and direction of the public that may also generate additional income for the remotemer by promoting enhance products and experiences and endowment many opportunities to local anesthetic community to enhance their living standards (Wilson et al., 2006). The fancy is gaining popularity and its providing a great escape for people in urban environs from their lavishly-paced, strenuous and many times monotonous mannerstyle. At the same time its help the novel generation to get first-hand experience of the arcadian life, which new(prenominal)wise is limited only to the books for them. Spending time on the farms, interacting with the local people and farmers to get an keenness into their day-to-day work and their traditions, participating in the local fairs and festivals, doing the actual work on the farm, milking the cow, riding a bullock cart, ar some of the activities that can be enjoyed on an agri touristry outing.3.2.1 Theoretical basis of agri touristryAgritourism is multifunctional and cooperative outline (Sidali et al., 2011 Wilson, 2007 Essex, et al., 2005 Schmitt, 2010 Mason, 2000). The post-productivits uncouth system is the new approach in agri heathen goment. It is precise complicated than subsistence and productivits horticulture systems (Topcu, 2007). Post-productivits agriculture system is a broad concept and the five main tasks of it be qualitative priorities in food issue, alternative income obtains for farmers and sustainability of agricultural lands, conservation of environment and new employment opportunities. Agritourism can easily link with these new aspects of agricultural development. Moreover, agritourism can be per regulateed in five to the highest degree-valuable sectors such as agricultural economic, socio-cultural, environmental and educational context in an effective manner. Further, s ince it is extremely involved with the gender factor, agritourism as a gender approach is also having higher grandeur (Topcu, 2007 Sidali, dragnet and Schulze 2011 Wilson, 2007 Essex, et al., 2005).3.2.2 Definitions of agritourismBefore 1990, only a microscopic information has been published on agritourism. This lack of information was one of the reasons for the absence for the commonly accepted description (Lack, 1997). However, after 1990, the research literature on agritourism has flourished and several number of definitions are available instantly (McGehee and Kim, 2004). Some selected definitions of agritourism are as follows.Agritourism can be defined as the practice of engaging in activities, events and services that has been provided to consumers for recreational, entertainment, or educational purposes at a farm, ranch, or other agricultural, horticultural, or agri occupancy sector operation in rescript to allow consumers to experience, learn about, and participate i n various facets of agricultural industry, culinary pursuits, inhering resources, and heritage (Colorado Agritourism Research Project, 2010).Tew (2010) cited The Agribusiness Development Division of the Missouri plane section of Agriculture (2010) defines agritourism as, visiting a working farm or any agricultural, horticultural, or agribusiness operation for the purpose of appreciation, enjoyment, education, or recreational involvement with agricultural, natural or heritage resourcesAgritourism as an innovative agricultural exercise related to tourism and agriculture both in which has capacity to create additional source of income and employment opportunities to the farmers and local communities (Maruti, 2009).Agritourism can be characterized as a business or activity that invites visitors to come on-farm or into a rural community to enjoy agriculture, its produce and the natural environment in which it exists. Agritourism is generally an additional enterprise added to the farm, integrating tourism into agri-business (Porcaro, 2009).An activity, enterprise or business which combines chief(a) elements and characteristics of agriculture and tourism and provides an experience for visitors which stimulates economic activity and impacts both farm and community income (Bruch, 2008).Tourism on a working farm in which visitors can experience a direct connection with the host farm, rural life and/or the local environment.There is not a consistent definition of agritourism in the literature, and it has been used interchangeably with other terms. For example, some studies have previously been synonymously linked to rural tourism, farm tourism, agro-tourism, agricultural tourism and farm based vacation (Seong-woo and Sou-yeon, 2006 Ilbery, 1998 Ilbery, 1991). However, the main cerebration of all of these definitions is more than or less similar. As a whole, agritourism can be explained as an interaction among agricultural producers, visitors, and local residents. O perators (mainly farmers) can earn pointless income from the farm, visitors can get real fellowship and experience on farming and local residents can enhance their living slandered in several ways.3.2.3 Working definition for agritourism in the holdFor the purpose of this study, agritourism is defined as tourism activities that conduct in working farm and skirt, for enjoyment, education, recreation of visitors, hoping an additional income for the operator from farm resources in special and sustainable local development in general. This is the working definition for agritourism in this study that is suitable in Sri Lankan context. After having strong theoretical cognition and practical experience in agritourism sector, this was substantial, including considering the main purposes of agritourism visitors, motivation of agritourism operators and expectations of local residents for rural development. Economic, social, environmental dimensions have been included in this definition.3 .2.4 Activities involved in agritourismNormally, agritourism activities are the tourism activities take place in agricultural lands and surrounding rural environments. The number of agritourism activities mainly depends on the size of the farm and nature of the farming activities. These activities are important for the visitors to enjoy and learn agriculture. Blacka et al (2001) has divided agritourism activities in Virginia, into six categories as lodging and camping (bed and breakfast, camp sites, youth camp, farm vacation, weddings and honeymoons), special events and festivals (music festivals, haunted house, vacation celebrations, harvest festivals) Off the farm (farmers markets, roadside produce stands), recreational activities and events (fee fishing, hiking, rock climbing, horseback riding, skeet shooting), tourism related direct marketing (pick your own fruits/vegetables, treat processed food on the farm, sell herbal organic products) an youth and or adult education (Organi zed tours, agricultural educational programs, demonstrations). Lack (1995) divided agritourism British Colombia, into three groups as retail sales/ direct marketing (goods produced on-site, customer harvested produce and goods produced off-site), Tours (tour of processing facilities, scenic tours and tours of production facilities) and activities ( trying on, cultural activities, recreation and educational or hands on experiences). It is important to include all the possible agritourism activities because it helps to increase the length of stay and satisfaction of the visitors. In European countries, in a farm there are activities for visitors even for several days. However, the number of agritourism activities is lower in Asian countries. Further, activities in agritourism and rural tourism havent clearly categorized yet and more or less of the time they are used interchangeably.Briefly, a successful agritourism operation should have three aspects. They are the need to have things for visitors to see (educational tours, historical recreations, festivals/special events, reduce arts), things for visitors to do (educational activities, petting zoos, hay rides, pick your own) and things for visitors to buy (food and drinks, farm products, souvenirs). Things to see and do are often offered free of charge. But, money can be acquire by selling things to the visitors (Adam, 2001). Agritourism can be used as primary, supplementary or complementary color enterprise. As a primary enterprise, agritourism would be the main activity in the farm. Agritourism could be a mild activity in supplementary enterprises and it would share equal footing in complementary enterprises (Blacka et al., 2001).Agritourism can consist of opposite alternatives such as temporary attraction or special event, part of a intumescent agriculture-oriented destination, part of a huge non-agriculture-oriented destination, and full agritourism operation.Different forms of agritourism businessFar mers can incorporate agritourism activities to their farms in various ways according to the situation. Three possible ways are as a supplementary, complementary or primary enterprise. To fulfill the final objective of agrotourism farmer must think creatively and arrange it properly. (Mnguni, 2010).Supplementary enterpriseIn a supplementary enterprise, agritourism is a minor activity that would help the other products on the farm. For example, if the primary enterprise is surf production, educational and training programs can be introduced with marketing facility of value added crop products.Complementary enterpriseIn a complementary enterprise, agritourism activities have equal share with other enterprises in the farm product mix. For instance, if there is a grapes production enterprise on the farm, it the farmer wants to sell half of the grapes to a whole seller and the remainder to pick-your-own trading trading operations for visitors on the farm, then the two enterprises would be complementary enterprises.The primary enterpriseIn the primary enterprise, agritourism would be the major activity on the farm. For example, if a farmer hopes to begin a winery in the farm. He will definitely invite guests to have that experience by tasting the product. As a part of that package, he can offer an overnight accommodation in a cottage which is in the farm. And also the farmer can produce grapes in his own farm and use them to wine tasting activities. hither agritourism is the main part of the farm product mix and it becomes the primary enterprise (Bernardo, Valentin and Leatherman, 2007 Blacka, et al, 2001).Link the relevant sections with chapter 23.2.5 Issues and challenges of agritourism developmentAs agritourism is a business activity, much of requirements are essential for the successfulness of it. However, as agritourism it is conduct mainly in rural lands by farmers, presence of several issues and challenges is a common phenomenon. For example, a study by L ack (1995) in British Colombia, has discovered that, lack of training, marketing knowledge, eccentric control, finance, appropriate insurance, excessive regulations, personal challenges for farm families, conflict with primary agricultural production, distance from markets, infrastructure limitations and farm disease are the challenges of agritourism development in that country. Agritourism in Nova Scotia has some obstacles. Many agritourism operators face the problem of lack of assistance and the knowledge required to produce market-ready products as Nova Scotia Tourism. Culture is reluctant to include and to enhance agritourism in their marketing campaigns. This lack of go for hinders the development of agritourism products and services resulting poorly developed and marketed products by farmers. So, farmers could not develop many skills required to operate an effective tourism business (Colton and Bissix, 2005).A study in Haryana, India has reported that the Lack of cash in ha nd for forwarding and advertisement, less number of visitors, Lack of technology to develop farm tourism, lack of motivation of farmers, inadequate price for farm products/activities as major constraints in establishing agritourism (Shehrawat, 2009).In Sri Lanka, issues and challenges in agritourism are small size farm lands, lack of required skills for the operators, poor level of processing of agricultural products, low level of publicity and promotion are the significant factors. Furthermore, lack of visitors, environmental pollution, poor condition on infrastructure, are the common problems for all the operators (Malkanthi and Routray, 2011b). Although there are few differences, most of the issues and challenges are common for many countries. As issues and challenges are negatively collide with for the growth of the sector, finding solutions is utmost important.Global warming is one of the prominent environmental issues and mass tourism has negative impacts on the environment. In mass tourism, large number of people gather to a same place and enjoy the tourism. weed tourism indicates that the holiday is standardized, packaged rigidly and nonflexible. Due to the negative impacts of mass tourism, people have dented to concern about the quality of the environment and the future of the tourism industry and also due to that has begun to focus on alternative forms of tourism. (Mairesse, 2007/2008)By showing importance of reality the rural environment reveals itself as an exceptional because it is far from the standard large-scale hotel chains. Rural Tourism needs a help for rural development without trespassing limits, an unseen entrance. Currently the issue of rural tourism is its sustainability. Only from the sustainable tourism can have an area of authentic countryside existence. Rural Tourism development should be totally different from the seaside tourism development which causes artificial villages and big holiday resorts without any identity. Current ly the coastal lines have destroyed because the rural spaces are exceeding by urbanization. (Randelli, Romei, Tortora, Mossello, 2011)3.2.6 Sustainability in agritourism operationsThrough Sustainable tourism development it is expected to protect and enhance the future opportunities plot fulfilling the needs of current tourists and host regions. It is further explained as managing resources as fulfilling the economic, social, aesthetic needs, while maintaining cultural truthfulness, vital ecological processes, bio diversity and life carry systems (World Tourism Organization, 1999) Therefore, for enormous term sustainability, should have proper balance betwixt environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects which is also known as principles aspects of Agro tourism development.Same as other tourism destinations, sustainability of agritourism destinations are very important in long run. Although most of the destinations that are feasible in short run, face difficulties in surviv al in long run. So, economic feasibility, social acceptability and environmental friendliness of tourism operations are equally applicable to agritourism as well. World Tourism Organization (2001) ,defines sustainable development as convene the requirement of present tourists and host regions as caring and improving opportunity for prospect. Its management of resources satisfies in way of economical, social and aesthetic needs satisfying while maintaining cultural integrity necessary for ecological processes, biological diversity and existence support system. Markandya, et.al, (2003) have reported that the three main linkages among tourism and sustainable development are economic, social and environmental.Given tourisms importance in the global challenges of climate change and poverty reduction, there is a need to urgently adopt a range of policies which encourages truly sustainable tourismthat reflects a quadruple bottom line of environmental, social, economic and climate responsiv eness. (Sharpley, 2009)Tourism can kill itself if we mismanage the tourism activities and places (Yalcin Kuwan and Perran Akan, 2001). Unspoiled natural environment is an asset of the industry. It will create the competitive advantage to the industry (Cater, 1993). The implementation and success of policies of sustainability, in employing tourism income to support social and cultural development and wild life conservation, require strategy framework which guides tourism development in a balanced and coherent way (Hall, 1998).Agritourism focus for increasing rural vitality and stimulate new economic opportunities through the diversification of farm operations and increased revenue on-site and near the operations (Geisler, 2008 Jensen, Lindborg, English, Menard. 2006). As a means to support the growth and development of the agritourism industry, Extension education can aid in the necessary programming for and education of community leaders and business operators. (Norby, Retallick, 2007)For sustainable Agritourism operations should derogate the environmental impacts by considering both local and global environmental impacts.Deforestation, water and air pollution etc should be minimized. And also through Agritourism can minimize the damage by conserving natural areas, habitats and wild life. One of the best ways of reaching to sustainability is through achieving a clear sense of difference from other competing destinations. By using local history, industry, culture, lifestyle and natural resources attraction can be done genuinely. And the operations should be done by representing the past, present and future aspirations of the local community as reflecting the values of the community.With proper understanding of target market can offer the products and services with added values.Agritourism is a kind of an operation which provides mutual benefits for visitors and hosts while acting as a economic and community development tool. Ultimately, good tourism busines ses get involved with the community and collaborate with other businesses and stakeholders and help to build local capacity.Enhancing the production can be done through combination of agricultural and non-agricultural options. Increasing the productivity of labor, risk reducing and improving assets can be done through diversification. Linkages between the countryside, towns and cities can augment productivity and sustainability of production by creating employment, revenue and investment.Finance and investment involves the way of mobilization of resources from taxation, central establishment, the private sector, foreign direct investment and remittances from abroad. It also includes how resources are invested.Through proper strategic, Agro-Tourism could bring lot of advantages to the society. It could be a sustainable revenue producing product for rural market and can help inflow to resources from urban to the rural economy. It can avoid moving of rural people to urban. By using t his particular form of rural tourism, it is feasible to fully discover the untapped capability of rural market. Both short term and long term preparation, implementing and monitoring are very important in avoiding harm to rural areas. Environmental management, local involvement, sound legislation, sustainable marketing and realistic planning are essential for Agro-Tourism development. Agro-Tourism is emerging as a vital instrument for sustain human development including poverty reduction, employment production, environmental renewal and development of remote areas and improvement of woman and other underprivileged groups in the country separate from promoting social integration and inter issue consideration. The political sympathies should encourage Agro- Tourism to coiffe sustainable economic growth and arrogant social change.In developing countries tourism has been greatly used for, and linked directly with reduction of rural poverty especially in developing countries. However , the application, and to a degree the principles, of the widely used organizing framework for considering reducing the poverty. Household income sustainability is applied the individual or family level, while tourism sustainability is applied to the industry and destinations at broad, more macro level scales.Economic feasibilityAs one element of destinations economy, tourism must support a viable economic base. A respectable economy enables a country, region or city to pursue initiatives designed to enhance the quality of its residents (Ritchie and Crouch, 2003). Traditional way of management of tourism destination was kinda productive and resource-centered. But since there are limits in adapting to the market, the present strategy is combined supply and market let approach. In this context, management of demand is highly responsible for the sustainable tourism development (Kastenholz, 2004). So, instead of profit maximization of a destination by damaging the environment in short term, now the principle is to obtain the optimum profit.Economic benefits are positively related with the number of visitors. Further arrangement of traditional and cultural events is cost effective with this large number. However, as agritourism is a niche market, socio-culturally and environmentally sustainable, cooperation of cultural activities is very important.Socio-cultural feasibilityTourism operations must be compatible with the existing socio-cultural condition of the area where it is located. It is essential to test the social acceptability of tourism destinations (Gonzalez and Falcon, 2003). There should be a respect for the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities, conserve their built and living cultural heritage and traditional values, and contribute to inter-cultural understanding and tolerance by the tourism operators and especially by outside visitors. Then it is easy to work together by the tourism operators, visitors and the local community.This is a comm on for agritourism also. Since agritourism is mainly a service industry in rural areas, goodwill and cooperation of local communities are essential to make it successful (Cole, 2006 Knowd, 2006). Agritourism should be able to offer more positive socio-cultural impact than the negative impacts for the local community. This way agritourism can enhance the socio-cultural feasibility. Sharpley (2002) said that socio-cultural growth includes state of remote areas, development and maintenance of public services, renewal of local craft, customs and cultural recognition.Environmental feasibilityTourism destination should less damage to the surrounding environment especially it should be free from serious environmental pollution activities. So, it should match with environmental rules and regulations and followed by Environment Impact Assessment (United Nations, 1999). However, the literature reveals that little evidence is there regarding environment being considered by farmers, planners a nd tourism professionals (Kline et al. 2007).Although it is difficult and expensive, agritourism development should follow the sustainable tourism procedures to obtain the real benefits of it forever. However, most of the operators in many countries mainly emphasize only on short term economic advantages without social and environmental benefits. This is the reason for the breakdown of many tourism operations including agritourism, within a short time period.Participatory approach in Agro tourism and rural developmentThe variety mentioned above may be explained by a brief analysis of some of the proposeddefinitions of participation.With regard to rural development, participation includes peoples involvement in decision-making processes, in implementing programmes, their sharing in the benefits of development programmes and their involvement in efforts to evaluate such programmes (Cohen and Uphof, 1977). federation is a process through which stakeholders influence and share control o ver development initiatives and the decisions and resources which affect them (World Bank, 1994). federation in spacial planning denotes the co-decision capability of the affected citizens and institutions of the civil society in diverse stages of the decision-making process. When some citizens are affected directly, the participation right is assured by law. In many cases, it is optional. But there are good reasons why optional forms of participation are being applied.Areas with an enduring high out-migration, the left over gentleman often tends to act passively. The huge social changes, the harder it is to generate fulfill edged participation through the differences of education, local hierarchy, social position and political direction. Intraregional co-operation can be expected as a market place of potentials. Each of the groups or individuals integrated in the process of contribution brings in some kind of potential formal political power, informal power of opinion ideas, fin ancial means, and ownership of land, contacts or just personal dedication. The position of the individual within the decision-making procedure is hugely determined by the extent to which the specific potential is esteemed according to objective and subjective criteria.Participatory approaches are used in order to start up novel development paths and to interpret ideas and concepts into action. At the commencement, however, the competing behavior of the actors prevails. One temporary goal of participatory approaches is therefore to stress common interests and to help compromises which are not pressed through by local things, but at least suitable to all.Participation typologyType of ParticipationSome Components and CharacteristicsPassive Participation heap are told what is going to happen or hasalready happened. Top down, information shared belongs only to external professionalsParticipation in information givingPeople answer questions posed by extractiveresearchers, using surveys e tc. People not able to influence the researchParticipation by consultationPeople are consulted and external agents listen to their views. Usually externally defined problems and solutions. People not really involved in decision making. Participation as consultation.Participation by material incentivesProvision of resources, e.g. labor. Little incentive to participate after the incentives end, for example much farm research, some community forestry.Functional ParticipationGroups are formed to meet predeterminedobjectives. Usually done after major project decisions are made, therefore initially dependent on outsiders but may become self dependent and enabling. Participation as organization.Interactive ParticipationJoint analysis to joint actions. Possible use of new local institutions or strengthening existing ones. Enabling and empowering so people have a stake in maintaining structures or practices.Self-MobilizationAlready empowered, take decisions independently of external institut ions. may or may not challenge existing inequitable distributions of wealth and power. Participation as empowering(Source Pimbert and Pretty, 1994).3.2.7 Government policies in agritourismIn general local government is the most important authority in establishing tourism development policies (Perce, 1989). However, the types and the content of its involvement vary from country to country based on the political, economic, and constitutional systems. In many European countries governments have supported the growth of the agritourism sector.There are national policies for the support and development of agritourism in a number of countries for a long time. For instance, in France, state financial aids to support the renovation of redundant farm buildings into accommodation facilities were introduced in 1954. Farms in Italy, Germany and Denmark also have long benefited from national support for the development of tourist facilities (Frater, 1983 Nilsson, 2002). In Britain, Scheme offeri ng financial incentives and advices about diversification, together with partial relaxation of planning restrictions, have facilitated the development of farm-based tourism. The farm diversification Grant Scheme introduced by the ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in 1988, was one of the first measures offering grants to farmers to help them develop diversification schemes (Walford, 2001).According to Douglas and Douglas, (2001) Fernando, Rebollo and Biadal, (2003), it is important to develop policies in a proactive nature to lay the foundation and capture the development potential of tourism for rural communities. So, the national rural tourism strategy of a country must emphasis on infrastructure development, product development, accreditation and industrial standards, education and training, market analysis and the role of government authorities and industrial leaders in further developing the rural tourism product. Ritchie and Crouch (2003) reported that policy is an im portant factor which ensures the success of tourism destination. It also creates a friendly environment among stakeholders.Therefore, the main objectives of agritourism policy are to minimize and alleviate negative environmental, social and cultural impacts optimize revenue for industry and re-invest in conservation optimize the active involvement of, and equitable distribution of economic benefits to, local communities educate visitors and citizens about the importance of conserving natural and cultural heritage promote estimable behavior and responsibilities towards the natural and cultural environment manage operations such that there are long term benefits to the resource, industry and the local residents deliver high quality, value-for-money, enlightens and participatory natural resources and culture-based experience for visitors encourage travel in a spirit of humanity, respect and learning about local hosts, their culture and the natural environment etc. Victorious farm-base d tourism mostly depends on policy makers, government officers at the local or countrywide level (Beus and Dunlap, 1993).Brohma (1996) has clearly explained the importance of government involvement in rural development in his study for the third world development, there are necessary new paths.Though the third world tourism has developed fastly, it has encountered many troubles common to outward-oriented development strategies such as extreme foreign dependency, the formation of separate enclaves, the strengthening of socioeconomic and spatial inequalities, environment destruction and increasing cultural separation. To avoid those troubles, institutional mechanisms require to be formed to give confidence active state and participation of community in tourism planning.Ritchie and Crouch (2003) reported that the following aspects are important as government policies of the sector. Infrastructure policy (Can make destination safer and attractive for the visitors), Local order policy/b y-laws (Can restrict or encourage tourism facility development), Land use and land assignation, Water resource management, Heritage conservation, Credit facility (granting reduced-interest loans to business and enterprises Affects costs and therefore profitability), Tax and subsidies (Tax concessions for investments, Can affect the growth of the industry negatively and positively and finally for the profitability of the destination), Minimum wage policy (Can affect labor markets), Agricultural policy (Organic farming, Soil conservation), Welfare policy (Can influence the nature and behavior of the work force), Education, extension and Training policy (Can affect the quality of the workforce), Marketing policy, Environmental policy (Limits growth and access to attractive but sensiti

Effective Community Participation Strategies Management Essay

Effective Community date Strategies Management EssayIntroductionCommunity society is the creation of opportunities to enable wholly(a) members of a confederation to actively wreak to and influence the development process, while sharing equitably in the fruits of development (UN 1981). Midgley, Hall, Hardiman and Narine (1986) define fraternity friendship as the direct involvement of ordinary mess in topical anaesthetic affairs. Community participation whoremaster be summed up as a means of educating citizens in order to increase their competence. Reid (2000) defines alliance participation as a vehicle for influencing decisions that affect lives of citizens and an avenue for transferring political power. However, it can also be a down for ensuring accountability, receptivity and sensitivity of social services to local communities. Successful company participation allows participation members to act in solvent to public concerns, empowers community members to openly gi ve their views ab expose decisions that affect them and to actively take responsibility for changes in their community.Importance of Community ParticipationAccording to WHO (2002), community participation helps communities to target resources much effectively and efficiently, allowing people to become more responsive to community needs and take responsibility. Communities have a wealth of untapped resources and energy that can be harnessed and mobilized with community participation.Community participation methods empower people to creatively develop skills and build competencies and capacities within communities. Furthermore, better and more sustainable decisions atomic enactment 18 made by involving communities in decision reservation because community participation is a way of extending the democratic process by opening up face and redressing ine attribute in power. It offers new opportunities for creative thinking, innovative planning and development (WHO 2002). Heberlein ( 1976) nones that better community decisions ar the ones that involve citizens at community level and they are generally more acceptable to local people. misrepresent (1975) argues that citizen participation in community affairs serves to check and balance political activities by allowing fuller entry to benefits of a democratic society. This increases democracy and combats exclusion. WHO (2002) points out that community participation in decision making, planning and implantation is a human right. It is therefore important to implement new structures of governance that transcend citizens being viewed as passive recipients of services provided by agencies and decided by few representatives. This will open up authorized community participation at grassroots, empowerment of local communities and create a sense of citizenship.Community participation ensures ownership and sustainability of programs, provides a source of information, knowledge as well as experience and eliminates defic iencies in the society, empowering members to put emphasis on problem solving (Christensen and Robinson 1980). Cahn and Camper (1968) suggest that merely knowing that one can participate in community development and become accountable for development of a local community promotes dignity and self sufficiency within the individual. Interestingly, Cook (1975) points out that community participation can legitimise a program, its plans, actions and leadership, which brings the difference betwixt success and failure of the program. Programs that lack community support end up failing while the ones embraced by the community become successful. WHO (2002) views community participation as an essential tool for ensuring that interventions and programs aimed at promoting health, wellbeing, quality of life and environmental security department are sustainable.Reid (2000) argues that active community participation is the key to edifice an empowered community. Participating communities are ope n to involvement by all groups and responsibilities are split up with an aim of engaging special talents and interests of contributing organizations and individuals thus decentralising power and responsibilities. Participating communities carry out their activities openly and publicise them widely. The citizens are well apprised about community work as well as their opportunities for personal involvement in meaningful roles (Reid 2000 and Cook 1975). Successful community participation involves take part communities that do not discriminate against each other. Such communities willingly offer themselves to community involvement and perform their activities with an open mind. They are not controlled by whatsoever single organization, group or philosophy and their leadership is used to facilitate discussion of diversity of viewpoints instead of pushing for its own agenda.What Makes Effective Community ParticipationCommunity participation requires going beyond consulting to make cit izens an integral part of decision making and action process. It should not be viewed as a response to initiatives or agendas from politicians and professionals (WHO 2002). Spiegal (1968) notes that citizen participation is the only process that can meaningfully tie community development programs to members of local communities. The participation programs involve a significant number of people in situations or actions that enhance their well being. It involves peoples income, their security, time, commitment, skills and even their self esteem.According to Brager, Specht and Torczyner (1987) there are three major aspects to be considered for successful community participation, namely the kind of community participation under consideration, type or nature of people participating and how the participation takes place. Evans (1974) also points out the significance of issues such as, who participates, the nature of activities that people participate in, why they participate and how the activities they are participating in contribute to principles that they value as a community. overlap community responsibilities, assuming good intentions for all stake holders involved in community initiatives and affirming the community strengths brings oneness to the community and creates effective community participation.According to WHO (2002), valuing compact between local communities and sponsors of a community initiative and confirming benefits of the initiative is a vital tool for effective community participation. Local communities do not want to be treated as being helpless. Treating them with respect no matter how poor they are, listening to them and learning from them boosts their morale to participate and own the community initiatives (UNCHS 1986). Smithies and Webster (1998) argue that successful community participation must have support at community grassroots level, with full audience and involvement of local communities in planning and carrying out of such initi atives. Research has shown that community initiatives implemented through resourcing grassroots work and local action with both geographical communities and communities of interest as the starting point for community initiatives has yielded great success and proved effective and sustainable. This process has often led to establishment of trust and mutual respect between communities and professionals intending to work with such communities to achieve desired objectives.WHO (2002) identifies net work for the purposes of facilitating development of community and professional infrastructure as an integral part of effective community participation. Networking gives an opportunity to communities, professionals and all those involved in community projects to share common experiences, streng wherefore competencies and build alliances that focus on recognition and realisation of potential people in organizations working to ensure effectiveness, capabilities and adaptability within the conte xt of community participation.Effective community participation involves planning of concept, process, structure and content Smithies and Webster (1998). This ensures meaningful and long-term community participation at all stages of community projects. This requires an effective two way communication to ensure that the views of community members are incorporated into strategic plan.Spiegal (1968) observes that local communities should be given an opportunity and responsibility to manage their own resources, define their needs, aspirations and make decisions affecting their well being. An effective community participation program is therefore established on the tail that local people have the innate capacity to understand and act on their own problems. The snuggle of such initiatives should be people centered and consensus determined and involve vulnerable groups of such as people with disabilities and the elderly. They should also have a gender balance.Cahn and Camper (1968) argu e that sustainable and inclusive community participation should aim at developing community infrastructures, whereby formal arrangements for communication, consultation, collaboration as well as informal networks for inter agency liaison should be authentic with a shared understanding and a common purpose. All stakeholders should work in partnership to share skills and be committed to mutual learning and articulate training as they appreciate and acknowledge resources that communities have in terms of expertise. Barriers to community involvement should be addressed by availing resources and taking positive approach towards building effective communication among all stake holders and adequate information management. There should be good governance and transparency in decision making to avoid prejudice.Barriers to Effective Community ParticipationUSAID (2000) notes that community initiatives are highly possible to fail in societies where there is unfair distribution of benefits of community participation or community work among local members. Highly individualistic societies where there is little or no sense of community partnership are go about with lack of cooperation, selfishness, corruption and at times mismanagement of resources that could benefit the entire community.Bass (1995) observes that community initiatives that lack policies, laws and institutions that encourage, support, manage and reward local participation in planning and development process are faced with challenges of failing. The success of any community participation initiative is largely dependent upon the precise strategy scope, goals and likely participants. Political and cultural circumstances dictate the extent in which community initiatives succeed. Community initiatives influence by bad governance and political interference neer benefit the locals but are only used by politicians as political milestones.Mayo and Craig (1995) note that communities need an appropriate organisationa l structure put in place for them to express their interests and build effective community participation. People are reluctant to join community initiatives whose organisational structures are cumbersome, time consuming, dictatorial or grossly insufficient. Communities that have little knowledge or limited information on the nature and benefits of community initiatives withdraw their participation and often oppose the initiatives because they are just involved in their planning and decision making.Case StudiesCase Study 1 Newcastle City CouncilNewcastle city council works through partnership with other organisations such as police, universities, health service providers, all groups and individuals from community, voluntary and private sectors to ensure that community initiatives influence the future prosperity of the city (Newcastle city council). The council has a miscellany of community participation initiatives that have been quite successful such as building schools for future, whose main vision is to raise aspirations, opportunities and achievements of all Newcastle residents and to create a finis of learning that enhances creativity and economic prosperity. Other Newcastle city council initiatives include the rough sleepers initiative and housing initiatives.The main objectives of Newcastle city council are to develop and sustain opportunities for local people and groups for the purpose of influencing what goes on within their communities, to create opportunities aimed at shaping and influencing quality service delivery to local communities, to manage and coordinate engagement activities for consistency, quality and partner participation. The Newcastle city council aspires to ensure that community development activities provide opportunities for entire community to participate in community programs and share their skills (Newcastle city council).These objectives have been achieved through priorities such as successful coordination and leadership of par ticipatory community initiatives, development of protocols, toolkits and performance management framework. The council has a web based resource for effective consultation as well as inclusive ward committee structures to establish views of all community groups, to improve coordination with partners in engagement activities and to enhance skills and expertise in community development participation (Newcastle city council).Each ward in Newcastle has a neighborhood response manager and a neighborhood response aggroup to ensure that views of residents are incorporated in service delivery. Most of the decisions are made through effective consultation with local community groups, which are then involved in implementation of such decisions through active participation in service delivery (Newcastle city council). Newcastle city council has been a successful community initiative through active participation of local communities at grassroots,Case Study 2 The Tsunami ProjectFollowing the Ts unami disaster, several groups of knuckle under makers such as the American Jewish society, Global fund for children, Global green grants fund, Oxfam America and Global fund for women among others positively responded to assist the affected communities. However, a closer search at available literature on Tsunami shows that the central role of local organisations such as mechanisms for ensuring local participation is widely recognised throughout the Tsunami community initiatives. However, it is evidently clear that grassroots participation in Tsunami response was insignificant, this forced local communities to compete for resources and recognition (Roper and Harvey 2006).The Tsunami initiatives seem to have been driven by what grant makers had planned and purposed to deliver instead of being driven by the needs of local communities involved. The initiatives were planned and implemented without consultations with local communities. This made it difficult for more erogenous issues e merging after the disaster to be addressed because beneficial roles could only be achieved through tapping into existing community groups, focusing on marginalised groups to strengthen their capabilities, building solidarity across social divides, funding women- led initiatives to promote gender equality and giving local people an opportunity in coordinating implementation of fugitive shelter (Roper and Harvey, 2006).The objectives of Tsunami response by several organisations were not well defined to members of the local community, there was little involvement of local communities in planning and implementation of Tsunami initiatives and this made the local communities feel like they were left out of the projects, without a sense of ownership hence it was difficult to address the real problems facing communities after the Tsunami disaster.ConclusionThis research paper started by defining and discussing community participation initiatives and what makes community participation initi atives to be successful. Community strategies and initiatives are only successful when the local communities are fully involved in planning and implementation of such initiatives. Participatory community initiatives bring psychological satisfaction to members of the local communities, giving them a sense of ownership to community initiatives while tapping into the unlimited potential of skills and knowledge from local communities.Through the two case studies discussed, Newcastle city council has been a successful community initiative because local communities are actively involved in planning and implementation of community initiatives. This gives them a sense of ownership and the ability to identify with the initiatives and contribute to the total well being of the entire community through participation. They are not afraid of offering their expertise because they know the benefits of being involved in community initiatives. On the other hand, local communities were not given a cha nce to participate in planning and implementation of Tsunami project. The implementing agencies viewed communities as desperate people and did not give them an opportunity to air their views or become involved in planning and implementation of the project. This led to unfruitful results in implementation of the community initiative, with massive failure of the projects and even increased risks to local communities after implementation of the projects.Community participation is not an idle principle. Communities that have chosen to follow it bring out that not only do they derive more satisfaction from the joy that comes from open community involvement, but they also achieve more results, more quick and with greater benefit to the community as a whole. In short, participating communities succeed better than those that only pay lip service to this important principle.

The Kite Runner Essay -- Literary Analysis, Khaled Hosseini

As implied by the title, increases play a major use of goods and services in the novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. They appear numerous times within the text and prove to be surprisingly versatile in their literary function. They provide common ground for characters whose interests do not normally intersect. They are to a fault present as a very powerful symbol, which adds an plain dimension to this already literary rich novel. Reversing the roles transcending generations, it shows itself to be a multifaceted medium.This novel presents two almost irreconcilable individuals. The main character, Amir, was raised without a female parent therefore, Amir was left with his father, Baba, to please as he grew up. Early on in his life, it became obvious that pleasing Baba would prove to be problematic. They simply did not cede similar interests as a consequence of Baba fathering a son who preferred burying his face in poetry books to hunting (Hosseini 19). Baba was described as a very dominating figuring standing at a monstrous six feet five inches tall who much enjoyed hunting and ran his own business. Amir, on the other(a) hand, was of insignificant stature even for his young age and often was found reading poetry and stories with his friend and servant, Hassan, who, although being a year younger than Amir, often beats Amir in the area of athletic prowess such as throwing rocks when Hassan made his stone skip eight times. The most I Amir managed was five, (Hosseini 14) or even simply running when Amir said, Hassan ran faster than I Amir did, and I was falling behind, (Hosseini 53). The son was simply not very sportive. Inversely, The athletic father also greatly enjoyed playing soccer as a child and later enjoyed being a spectator of this sport consequ... ...r image had occurred from the past with the reversal it entails. The kite is important in this situation because the reversal could not have taken place in any other scenario. Sohrab would not inte ract with the world about at all at this point, and the only way it could have paralleled would be with a kite battle. Amir had traded places with Hassan through Sohrab with the use of the kite. Wholly proving to be a very dynamic object in this novel, it functions on multiple levels. It provides a connection between two characters that reside in totally different spheres of interests. It acts on the symbolic level as a symbol of freedom for the characters within. It also provides a medium for the reversal of roles between two characters in this novel. Kites prove to be quite potent in their presence and function in the novel, The Kite Runner by Khalid Hosseini.