Affirmative action debate pt2 Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Affirmative action debate pt2 - Thesis Example The enforcement of affirmative action in admission into universities and higher education for those minority groups in the community will act to motivate those oppressed by the discrimination to join in the campaign for its implementation and to work even harder in school. Children of immigrant parents and children from poor families will benefit from the affirmative action. Awareness creation campaigns can be carried out through the media and at the local government level to ensure that the minority groups understand how they can benefit from the action and can therefore support the debate of implementing this action in all institutions of higher education. There has been existing stereotypes that only whites are high achievers and the elites of the US society. This has been majorly because the other races have not been having equal access to higher education equally as the white people. If affirmative action is enforced therefore, this will soon change and the stereotypes will be abolished. One way of ensuring this is by having the stereotyped races sign petitions for the implementation of this policy. If the signatures are more, the policy can be passed to be a law for all states and all institutions of higher learning. In most employment sectors (especially the prestigious jobs), there is domination by certain genders only and the other minority gender (mostly women) are crowded in lesser positions of authority. This has been the case because fewer women have been accessing certain causes in universities and colleges which may lead them to authority positions in the job market. Most women are concentrated in art courses, home economics and secretarial courses, whereas men are in the managerial and science courses. If affirmative action is present in admission into these institutions, there can be an equal number of men and women in certain professionals hence reducing the discrimination and

Business Plan. It's about Pet shop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Plan. It's about Pet shop - Essay Example The company faces a threat to competitor, but its mission of employing professionally provides the company with an edge to outdo another firm in the market. The company aims to earn more revenue in training and grooming of pets as well as selling to new customers. Pet Shop is a partnership business that involves itself in pet fashion and beautification. Just like celebrities, pets have attracted an increased attraction among the citizen of the country. This gives Pet Shop a ready market for pet training, grooming and partnership in fashion shows and magazines. Pet Shop recruits experts and professional staff to improve service delivery to promote firm products in the market. The company recognizes the power of it suppliers and hold them at higher esteem to deliver on the target of the company. Pet Shop believes in happy and healthy families and thus encourages people to have one or two pet in their homes. Pet Shop aim at promoting the pet industry. The company has the strategy of training home pet as well as advocating fashions shows and partner selection to ensure the procreation of pets in their new homes. This would attract a lot of audience in the show business and guarantee a source of revenue for the company. Pet Shop prospect to partner with entrainment fashion show and magazine producers to sell it services to the public. This is a long term strategy. Therefore, because people love their cats and dog so much, Pet Shop promise to make people home a beautiful with smart pets around them. Pet Shop aim to attract more than 100 million customer in it five years in the business. This would be achieved by constant expansion of market from within the country to oversee and introduction of pets business in countries that do not practice pet ownership. The fashion industry is dominated by human and introduction of pets to fashion participant will be a game changer in the industry. This will attract celebrities to groom themselves as

Recording, analysing and using HR information Essay Example for Free

Recording, analysing and using HR information Essay It is beneficial for a business to collect a variety of data to gain an understating of its performance to satisfy compliance legislation. However the information collected needs to be useful, relevant and selective. Raw data collected can be converted into useful information. It is important for human resources (HR) to collect data to meet legal requirements, keep necessary contact details of employees, records all contractual arrangements and to provide supporting information in the event of a claim that may be made against an organisation. It also supports an organisation when making decisions. Data can be collected in two different types of formats within an organisation. These are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative is data collected numerically which allows for data to be measured and calculated. Quantitative is a descriptive method of collecting data. This type of data can be observed but not measured. These two different types of data support HR practices in a number of different ways, such as, showing patterns of absence relating to employees, highlighting any learning and development requirements that an individual may require, trends’ in staff turnover and key performance indicators. Customer feedback can also be obtained to allow a business to improve it services and costs can also be easily monitored. HR data can be stored by a number of different methods each having advantages and disadvantages. Data can be stored electronically and non-electronically. Storing data electronically can be beneficial as it is easy to access, can be shared easily and takes up less space. Online HR systems are available to employees where data and information can be added and updated by an individual and also can be accessed by one or more people such as line managers. This is useful for appraisals and monitoring performance. Storing data electronically through databases is also more secure than manual documents. Sorting data manually such as diaries, word processing documents and paper based surveys also has its benefits as it can be more cost effective to a business and cannot be easily lost where electronic data could be. Also employees require less training to store and organise manual data. There is an array of different UK legislations currently enforced relating to data and legislation is in place to enforce correct storing, recording and accessibility of data. One of these UK legislations are The Data Protection Act, The information commissioner has produced a code of conduct relating to the data protection act. This applies to personal data held and the legitimate grounds for this being held, which information is classed as sensitive and cannot be gathered without explicit permission. Another type of current UK legislation is the Human Rights act. This confers the right of respect of privacy on individuals and provides for employees in the public sector to take legal actions against their employer of they consider their rights infringed.

Effect of Print Media on Society and Social Change

Effect of Print Media on Society and Social Change How Far and in What Ways is it Reasonable to See the Development of Print as a Motor of Revolutionary Social Change? Abstract Print and the ways of presenting the written word have had a long history in which the ideas that were possible to be communicated through these written words profoundly influenced human history. The first movable type of print consisting of baked clay was developed in China in AD 1050. This was followed by the wooden movable type of print that was also invented in China in AD 1300. However, it was the invention of Gutenberg which brought together a number of technologies to bring about the first printing press which had a capability for conveniently and inexpensively bringing print to the masses. The Mid – 15th Century invention has since then assisted in bringing about profound and revolutionary changes in human societies and culture around the world. The development of print, which was by itself a revolution, made it possible for knowledge and ideas which had previously been the preserve of the privileged nobility to be brought to the masses. The media was born as a result of the invention of the print and this media not only brings culture and information into the private domain of individuals, but also sets societal standards, trends and a whole way of life through print advertising. Print made it possible for ideas to be discussed and a societal consensus to evolve as a result of these ideas being able to be communicated cheaply and effectively. Political revolutions, the evolution of science and technology, culture, religion and the interactions of humanity have all been profoundly influenced by print, which is still evolving from its earlier beginnings and has the capacity for inducing profound as well as revolutionary social change. This brief essay takes a look at how print can act as an agent for bringing about social change and also just how far print can go towards influencing such a change.   Contents (Jump to) Introduction The Capacity of the Print to Influence Revolutionary Social Change in the Future Conclusion Bibliography / References Introduction Ever since the Mid-15th Century when Gutenberg had discovered the idea of the first movable type printing press, the print media has profoundly shaped the world in which we live. Printing brought together the technologies of paper, oil based ink and the engraved lettering to quickly as well as cheaply make many copies of the content which was required to be printed. Although the written word had been discovered much earlier then the time of Gutenberg’s invention, its power and value had been limited because of the difficulties associated with its quick and inexpensive reproduction. Written manuscripts containing ideas, human knowledge and information had been very expensive and cumbersome to reproduce, limiting their access to the privileged and the noble classes with mostly oral traditions of communications being relied on. As a result of inventions such as the movable type and later the electronics communications technologies, humanity now lives in the information age when ideas abound and are communicated to millions instantly. The advent of electronics communications technologies has invariably propelled the print into a new light, making it easier to store, process and exchange information. Obviously, such capabilities expanded the breadth as well as the depth of thinking of an average individual and thus transformed the society in which they lived. Because the technologies associated with printing are constantly evolving, therefore, it is very likely that the evolution of these technologies will continue to have a revolutionary impact on the society at large. The invention of printing by itself was revolutionary and since its inception, the technology has continued to shape the world and humanity (Jones, 2000, Chapters 1 – 6), (White, 1979, Chapters 1 – 5) and (The University of Vermont, 2005, Complete). Literature related to history has indicated that printing profoundly influenced change in the Europe during the Middle Ages, assisting in bringing about the Reformation, Renaissance and the Scientific or Technological Revolutions. The Protestant Revolution and humanity’s change in the concept of the earth – centred to the sun – centred universe were also influenced by the print making it possible for the ideas to propagate. Print made it possible for the many millions to examine ideas, debate their usefulness and present their own views, resulting in a consensus being developed much more rapidly then would have been otherwise possible. A greater level of homogeneity was brought about then would have been otherwise possible. The print is something which could be understood and interpreted by humanity and its processing, reproduction, transmission or storage only assisted in making it more appealing or conveniently presentable to the mass audience. It is the conven ient and ready availability of sound ideas in print with a capacity for appealing to the mass logic which has the capacity for bringing about radical social change, if the ideas that are being presented in print are logically sound and appealing to the mass audience. It was the availability of information, ideas and the desire of the masses to be informed of these, along with their desire to have access to knowledge that was the birth of democracy. No longer was knowledge and wisdom in the sole custody of the privileged few and it was the collective will of all who could access as well as understand the print which determined the future of societies, cultures and nations. Nearly all political revolutions in the world after the Middle Age in Europe were made possible because there was the support of the masses which was pitted behind such changes and such support was only made possible because it was convenient to communicate through the print. Oral traditions had required a vastly s uperior effort and because of a limited capability for the oral message to be communicated to a large audience, societal decisions were made by a few. Even established religion benefited enormously from the capabilities of the print. Although the wine or olive oil screw type press had been in use in Europe much earlier then the invention of Gutenberg and block – print technology had been known of since the time of Marco Polo’s return to Europe from his travels to China at the end of the 13th century along with mass paper making techniques which produced paper that was considered to be too flimsy for use in books, it was Gutenberg’s invention that brought together many technologies to make print seriously feasible, opening up the way for a capacity to influence social change like it had never been possible before. The private experience that was made possible as a result of the print invariable led to the public expression of an individual’s personality, c haracter and beliefs which had been shaped by their private experiences (Eisenstein, 1979, Parts 1 and 2), (Eisenstein, 1993, Chapters 1 – 5) and (Briggs, 2001, Chapters 1 – 5). It was the development of the print which gave birth to the media which used print to bring culture and information into private spaces of individuals. In addition to bringing culture and information into the private spaces, the media also shaped society by presenting advertisements which prompted individuals to purchase, prefer a way of living, develop societal standards and highlight issues as well as setting trends. Having advertisements presented in print led to more print as more newspapers, magazines and journals were sold and print itself blended into the fabric of the society, transforming culture, thinking, values and expectations for the future. This domino effect also provided a vocation for many who are associated with the print industry and a new set of professions was introduced. It was print that assisted in the evolution of technology in general and the design of the new electronic communications media which is in the process of further changing societies (Dewar, 2000 , Complete), (Eisenstein, 1979, Parts 1 and 2) and (Eco, 1995, Pp 71 – 74). The history of the print had to be discussed in order to be able to make some sort of predictions about the future. The potential for bringing about revolutionary social changes in the future is still very much a possibility and it is worth investigating how print can influence and bring about social change. Technology and lifestyles are constantly changing and the way in which print technology influenced society is also evolving. Without the development of the print, humanity will be living in an oral society with its enforced illiteracy of the masses and the manipulation of the oral tradition or knowledge to suit the purposes of individuals or the state, as was the case in China prior to the development of the print. In such a society, the creation as well as the possession of knowledge is only restricted to the few creators of knowledge and there is a capacity for the masses to be fed what versions of oral truths that suited the political powers of the day. Development of exact sc iences, technology, logic and reason was, therefore, very much hindered in the oral society which emphasised more on rote memorising rather then an understanding of its knowledge (Dewar, 2000, Complete), (Eisenstein, 1979, Parts 1 and 2) and (Eco, 1995, Pp 71 – 74). In this brief essay, an attempt has been made to take a look at the development of print and its potential for as well as the manner of bringing about revolutionary social change in societies. The Capacity of the Print to Influence Revolutionary Social Change in the Future It is necessary to understand the historical influences of the print in bringing about revolutionary social change so that the future implications for social change can be considered. The history which has been discussed in the introduction to this essay was presented with this concept in mind. The modern educational systems around the world, the production of books, the growth of the literati culture and the popular culture are all made possible because printing and the economic reproduction of the written word is possible. Books on a subject have to accumulate in order to make a difference and these books must be logically correct and present the truth in order to be of lasting value. The ideas that are presented in print are still subject to criticism, debate, investigation and understanding prior to acceptance. Advances in technologies which continue to make the production of print easier, faster and more economical also attempt to present the print in more innovative ways. These technologies also free up humans to try and produce better quality of print and to try to understand the message instead of devoting more time to the production of the message. In developed societies, it is not just the print which counts but the quality of the ideas in print that are of the greatest importance. The qualities of ideas that are presented and recorded in print determine the state of intellectual development of the society and its capacity for improvement as well as gaining an edge over other societies. Some print is very highly regarded because it represents the essence of human knowledge, understanding or universal truths. Encyclopaedias, handbooks, the Scriptures and standard texts represent the print which the society has accepted as being of timeless importance after much debate, criticism and consternation. Often, the knowledge stored in print in these important books will represent the culmination of great struggles, triumphs of understanding, conflict and even bloodshed. However, print represents ideas and the truths which have to be utilised in order to be of benefit. The print must be of importance and it should be given importance for the benefits of the print to become available. Respecting print means that the ideas, knowledge and truths that are contained in the print are being respected, considered, given importance to and are held as being profoundly important for the individual, humanity and the society. Giving respect to the Holy book does not mean that there is respect for the paper, ink or the quality of craftsmanship but that there is respect for ideas. Hence, unless the print is capable of producing ideas which are accepted as being profound, important and of significance for the future, the capacity of the print to bring about revolutionary change is restricted. Therefore, a progressive society which has the capacity for benefiting from revolutionary change must also have a system for producing the ideas which are of profo und importance. These ideas must then be held as being important and acted upon or implemented into practical realities. Unless the message which is considered to be of importance is transformed into practical reality by a society, the society cannot benefit from the message or the ideas and hence the print itself is not able to induce change. In the context of social change, there has to be a requirement for change which is embodied in a vision of something better and this vision must be sufficiently appealing to the many, or to those who are important in the society, for the vision to be attempted to be transformed into practical reality by committing resources, effort, taking the risks involved in change, going against the established order, getting organised or the pitting of an organised movement against tyranny to produce change. A developed society has to have a system for using print to disseminate or generate ideas, conduct discussions and a scrutiny of these ideas. There h as to be a constant desire to have something better and to transform ideas into practical realities. Print can act as a vehicle for conveying ideas and their wider scrutiny but print by itself is important because it can do this in an economical, effective and appealing manner in order to effectively make the ideas available to the many (Jones, 2000, Chapters 1 – 6), (McGINN, 1991, Chapters 1 – 4) and ( Dewar, 2000, Complete). Although the basic reason behind the importance of print and its capacity for influencing change are the ideas that are contained in the print, the manner in which the print can be presented, communicated, stored, manipulated and the knowledge which is considered to be of importance retrieved from the print is also constantly being influenced by the force of ideas and changing. The capability of presenting the printed word as a sequence of signals in a computer and its rapid manipulation has made it possible for the society to consider and develop ideas much more rapidly then it was previously possible. This capacity has been of great benefit to the society but it has also had an impact on the printing of ideas on paper. Print on paper must now coexist with print as an electrical signal and the society has progressed sufficiently for the rapid and cheap transformation of the print on paper to the electronic print to be made possible. Hence, centralised printing presses are now still useful but they are being challenged by the distributed printing presses which are capable of quickly transforming the electronically stored print into print on paper when required. A cheap printer connected to a computer which is linked to the World Wide Web has the capacity for tapping into a huge reservoir of ideas and the human repository of knowledge. These ideas can be selectively printed as required on paper for the convenience of the human users. The larger press is used for printing material for which there is a confirmed demand and it is very likely that in the future all kinds of books will be downloaded from websites when and if required to be viewed on small or computerised portable reading equipment. The price of such computer equipment which need not be as sophisticated as a laptop computer, but which can also integrate a lot of other functions into it such as the communication function and the entertainment function is progressively declining. This does not mean that the printing press is likely to become idle, because humanity has a requirement for all kinds of packing, wrapping and informative material which is in constant demand. However, it is very likely that the high value added print material will be preferred in the electronic format and stored on web servers or the CD – ROM to be downloaded when required for payment by electronic means. The benefits of purchasing a book in the electronic format are much superior to having a published book on paper. New editions can be rapidly produced and information in the electronic book readily manipulated. This is already happening and the only reason why individuals still prefer to read paper books is because the display technologies which provide the written word in human readable form need to be improved and made more affordable. That this is happening is the beginning of another social revolution which is likely to gain momentum with time. Hence, humanity is moving towards an age in whic h there will be far fewer books in the paper print form and very many web repositories from which electronic books, newspapers and magazines can be downloaded. There is likely to be an emphasis on having small portable devices which will have the telecommunications capabilities and pleasant displays that are affordable. Such devices can usher in a new social revolution. Such a social revolution is not likely to be bad because the dwindling global forests require new attempts to conserve energy and reduce waste. A burgeoning repository of human knowledge means that permitting rapid access and manipulation of the electronic print is required. This, however, does not mean that there is not going to be a demand for the editors, the creative writers, researchers, scientists, technologists and philosophers etc who generate the content which could previously have been printed on paper only. There is in fact likely to be a greater demand for such creative individuals, especially those who a re capable of producing quality. The creative content industry will continue to boom and there will be a greater demand for good content because content will still be king. It is very likely that even schooling will be more distributed with pupils being able to download their lessons from a server rather then physically carrying backpacks of books to school. Universities will become more of a place for conducting research and generating new content then a place for disseminating this content through print on paper. The transmission of knowledge through the vastness of the globe and even into space and under the ocean will become an instantaneous affair rather then requiring the transportation of huge piles of bulky paper across the vastness of oceans, on ships, for the force of ideas and enlightenment to be unleashed in a dark region of the world. Language and the printed word, or rather the represented word is still important because this is what humans understand. However, the nee d to print this word on paper will be diminished. It is all a question of economics and developing newer and more capable computerised devices is gradually changing the way humans live. Sufficiently reduce the cost of portable computing equipment, software as well as the cost of telecommunications and the revolution will be very much accelerated. It is surprising that many publishers have not taken up the challenge and produced important books which can be downloaded from web stores. This most certainly has something to do with the price an individual has to pay for the right viewing hardware for electronic text. Widespread adoption of such hardware is also limited by its fragility and complexity. Young children and many elderly individuals can find it difficult to operate viewers of electronic text and hence prefer the printed word. Perhaps there is a need for the invention of a cheap device with the human / computer interface vastly simplified for the purpose of reading and intera cting with the electronic text. A new revolution is certainly possible and it is very likely already happening, in which humanity will live in a world without the printed book (Dewar, 2000, Complete) and (Smith, 1994, Chapters 1 – 4). Revolutionary social changes have always depended on the force of ideas which used to be conveyed through the print after an age of the oral tradition. However, the printed word on paper is now becoming rather inconvenient as a medium for transmitting and disseminating these ideas and humanity has found more convenient ways for doing this. However, for revolutionary social change to be possible there has to be a need for change, merit in the ideas and a capacity to topple the existing order or norms of the society. History has indicated that despite the force and the might of tyranny, it is the soundness of ideas and their appeal to the masses which are the engines for change. Hence, ideas presented through the written language must be widely available and considered to be important by the masses for revolutionary social change to take place. Because of the high cost of the computing equipment and the complexities involved in its operation as well as the fragility of the equipment, s uch equipment is still in the process of gaining a wider acceptance. Costs associated with communications and a decent bandwidth for telecommunications is also another deterrent. It will still take some time for the full effects of the information age to become apparent and there will be many unintended consequences of change in this age. However it is very likely that in the future, the print media will give way to the electronic text viewers / communicators as the most widely means for distributing these ideas and conducting social debates on them. Humanity has indeed come a long way since the invention of the printing press (Briggs, 2001, Chapters 1 – 5) and (Cooper, 2004, Complete). Conclusion The print media has contributed very significantly to bringing about social change since the invention of the Gutenberg printing press. The renaissance, the scientific revolution and many other political revolutions benefited from the capability of the print to cheaply and conveniently disseminate ideas. It was, however, the force of these ideas which was behind the revolutions and the print acted by accelerating the dissemination, debate and acceptance of ideas, something which was not possible to be done in the oral tradition. In the present age, the electronic word is gradually going to replace the printed word as a more convenient and faster means for disseminating ideas as the technology and its present limitations are gradually overcome. References/Bibliography American, p. International Printing Pressmen and Assistants Union of North America 1965, Development of the printing press, 1450-1965 : 75th anniversary of the American Pressman [Pressmens Home, Tenn. : International Printing Pressmen and Assistants Union of North America]. Atiyeh, G. N. 1995, The book in the Islamic world: the written word and communication in the Middle East Albany; [Washington, D.C.]: State University of New York Press: Library of Congress. Atton, Chris. (2002). Approaching Alternative Media: Theory and Methodology. Napier University, Scotland. Retrieved: August 25, 2005. From: http://www.ourmedianet.org/papers/om2001/Atton.om2001.pdf Banks, W. H., International Conference of Printing Research Institutes (, Krems) 1971, Recent developments in graphic arts research : (proceedings of the tenth International Conference of Printing Research Institutes held in Krems, Austria, 1969) Oxford : Pergamon Press. Barker, N. 1992, Aldus Manutius and the development of Greek script type in the fifteenth century, 2nd ed edn, New York : Fordham University Press. Batey, C. 1954, The printing making of books: an examination of tradition with an assessment of the trends of invention and the development of techniques presently discernible in the several crafts devoted to the making of books Oxford: Privately printed at the University Press. Baumgarten, J. Frakes, J. C. 2005, Introduction to old Yiddish literature Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bernard Quaritch (Firm) 1888, [A general catalogue of books offered to the public at the affixed prices], Monumenta typographica: a catalogue of books produced by the earliest typographers in all countries, arranged so as to illustrate the history of the origin and development of the art of printing; as well as the publications of the famous Aldine, Giunta, and Elzevir Presses; preceded by some examples of prae-typographical printing edn, [London]: [B. Quaritch]. Bijker, W, Hughes, T and Pinch, T (eds) (1988) The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, Cambridge MA: MIT Press. Blades, W. 1968, Books in chains, and other bibliographical papers Detroit: Gale Research Co. Bolton, C. Alembic, P. 1981, DeLittle, an English wood-letter manufacturer: including a brief history of the development of wood-type Winchester: The Alembic Press. Braden, C. S. 1970, Spirits in rebellion. The rise and development of New Thought. (Third printing.) Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. Briggs, Asa and Peter Burke. (2001). A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet (Paperback). Polity Press. Retrieved: August 25, 2005. From: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0745623751/002-0897207-2795222?v=glance British Printing Industries Federation. Development and Technology Committees Composition Group 1984, The ASPIC handbook: a guide to authors symbolic pre-press interfacing codes London: British Printing Industries Federation. Cambridge University Press 1938, Cambridge University Press: notes on its history and development, 6th ed edn, Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: The Press. Carter, R. Open University 1984, Systems, management and change: a graphic guide London: Harper Row in association with the Open University. Ceruzzi, P. E. 2000, A history of modern computing Cambridge, Mass.; London: MIT Press. Charles, R. H. 1914, Religious development between the Old and New Testaments London: Oxford University Press, 1914. Cooper, Mark and Steven Cooper. (2004). HOPE AND HYPE v. REALITY: THE ROLE OF THE COMMERCIAL INTERNET IN DEMOCRATIC DISCOURSE AND PROSPECTS FOR INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE. Stanford Centre for Internet and Society. Retrieved: August 25, 2005. From: http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blogs/cooper/archives/HOPEALL.pdf Copinger, W. A. Priory Press, M. 1898, Handlist of a collection of incunabula: illustrating the progress and development of the art of printing prior to the year 1500, by specimens from over three hundred different presses [Manchester? Eng.] : Priv. print. and not for circulation. Cranz, F. E. 1964, An essay on the development of Luthers thought on justice, law, and society Cambridge, Mass. ; Oxford : Harvard University Press : Oxford University Press. Daud, P. 1934, The influence of Arabic poetry on the development of Persian poetry Bombay: Fort Printing Press. Deibert, R. (1997). Parchment, Printing and Hypermedia: Communication and world order transformation. New York: Columbia University Press. Dewar, James A. (2000). THE INFORMATION AGE AND THE PRINTING PRESS: LOOKING BACKWARD TO SEE AHEAD. RAND. Retrieved: August 25, 2005. From: http://www.rand.org/publications/P/P8014/P8014.pdf Eco, U A Medieval Library. (1995). D. Crowley P. Heyer (eds). Communication in history: Technology, culture, and society (2nd ed., pp. 48-57). White Plains, NY: Longman. Pp 71 – 74. Eisenstein, E. (1979). The printing press as an agent of change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Eisenstein, E. L. (1993). The printing revolution in early modern Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Fairhead, M. Pira, I. 1993, Latest developments in newspaper technology: a literature review Leatherhead: Pira International. Finkle, J. L. Gable, R. W. 1968, Political development and social change, 1st corr. print edn, New York : Wiley. George, A. J. Didot Family 1961, The Didot Family and the Progress of Printing A brief review of the development and accomplishments of the House of Didot, with facsimile pages and translation of Épà ®tre sur les progrà ¨s de limprimerie by Pierre Didot, printed in 1784, etc [Syracuse, N.Y.] : Syracuse University Press. Goody, J. (1986). The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Goody, J. and Watt, I. (1963). The consequences of literacy. Comparative Studies in History and Society. Vol. 5. Hacker, L. M. 1959, The triumph of American capitalism: the development of forces in American history to the end of the nineteenth century New York: Columbia University Press. Johnson, J. d. M. Bibliographical Society ( 1936, The development of printing other than book printing London : Bibliographical Society. Jones, Bruce. (2000). Manuscripts, Books, and Maps: The Printing Press and a Changing World. University of California, Davis. Retrieved: August 25, 2005. From: http://communication.ucsd.edu/bjones/Books/booktext.html Joos, M. American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Language Programs 1966, Readings in linguistics I : the development of descriptive linguistics in America 1925-56, 4th ed edn, Chicago ; London : University of Chicago Press, 1966. Lehmann-Haupt, H. 1966, Gutenberg and the Master of the Playing Cards New Haven ; London : Yale University Press. McGINN, R. (1991), Science, Technology, and Society, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall. McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. McLuhan, M. (1997). The Guttenberg Galaxy, University of Toronto Press. Moran, J. Royal Society of Arts 1971, The development of the printing press : a paper London : Royal Society of Arts. Moran, J. 1973, Printing presses : history and development from the fifteenth century to modern times London : Faber (1973). Moran, J. 1973, Printing presses; history and development from the fifteenth century to modern times Berkeley : University of California Press. Moran, J. C. 1971, The development of the printing press Colchester : printed by Benham Co.. Mulhall, M. G. 1971, The progress of the world in arts, agriculture, commerce, manufactures, instruction, railways, and public wealth since the beginning of the nineteenth century Shannon : Irish University Press, 1971. Myers, R. Harris, M. 1981, Development of the English book trade, 1700-1899 Oxford : Oxford Pol

Effective Teaching of Abstract Algebra :: Mathematics Education Papers

Effective Teaching of Abstract Algebra Abstract Algebra is one of the important bodies of knowledge that the mathematically educated person should know at least at the introductory level. Indeed, a degree in mathematics always contains a course covering these concepts. Unfortunately, abstract algebra is also seen as an extremely difficult body of knowledge to learn since it is so abstract. Leron and Dubinsky, in their paper  ¡Ã‚ §An Abstract Algebra Story ¡Ã‚ ¨, penned the following two statements, summarizing comments that are often heard from both teacher and student alike. 1."The teaching of abstract algebra is a disaster, and this remains true almost independently of the quality of the lectures." (Leron and Dubinsky agree with this statement.) 2."There's little the conscientious math professor can do about it. The stuff is simply too hard for most students. Students are not well-prepared and they are unwilling to make the effort to learn this very difficult material." (Leron and Dubinsky disagree with this statement.)(Leron and Dubinsky, p. 227) Thus the question is raised: if there is something the "conscientious math professor can do about" the seemingly disastrous results in the learning of algebra, what is it that we can do? As a teacher of undergraduate mathematics, I want and need to know what these effective methods of teaching abstract algebra are. Leron and Dubinsky's paper referred to above and papers resulting from their research contain the bulk of literature that I reviewed. In this paper, they summarize their experimental, constructivist approach to teaching abstract algebra. Among the classroom activities are computer activities, work in teams, individual work, class discussion, and sometimes a mini-lecture summarizing the results of student work (which by this time is familiar to them), providing definitions, theorems, and proofs in their abstract forms. The computer activities use the ISETL programming language. As an example of its use, students write a program implementing the group axioms. They then can enter what they consider to be a group, and the computer will give as output a true or false response. They can use the same process to determine whether their proposed group is closed, has an identity, etc. They choose their answer and then let the computer respond. In this way, students  ¡Ã‚ §construct ¡Ã‚ ¨ the group process, with the view that they will also have a  ¡Ã‚ §parallel construction ¡Ã‚ ¨ occurring in their minds. Students have an experience on which to base their learning of group theory. The method proposed here by Leron and Dubinsky certainly seems patterned after Dubinsky's theoretical foundation for student learning laid out in his work  ¡Ã‚ §Reflective Abstraction In Advanced Mathematical Thinking.

Medical Terminology and Healthcare

TBLS Week 1- TBLS Assignment BC1030X: Medical Terminology and Healthcare Setting & Claims Processing (7-30-2012) Section 13 Melissa Brown | Doing the exercises allows us to really look at how we can determine our future by enforcing positive thoughts and â€Å"self-talk†. OR we can destroy all possibilities by succumbing to negative† self-talk. † Today I made a conscious effort to push out of my head any negative â€Å"self-talk†. While I enhanced the positive â€Å"self-talk. † Doing both exercises allows me to really see the effects of both.I had never realized how my thinking and attitude plays such a vital role in every aspect of my life. The exercise allows me to see how I can take control over my future and even my today. How do I see myself? Well, self-examination allows me to see how my personality can positively affect others and more importantly†¦ myself. I am making an effort this entire week to use nothing but positive self-talk, acti on, behavior in every aspect of my life. I never realized how much a negative attitude, disposition and outlook affects me as a person. I have been unemployed for almost 4 months.I thought I had a job however, something went wrong with the drug test or background test and I just know they are avoiding me. I never heard of any test that takes a month to come back, so I assumed something went wrong. However, I just decided to keep putting in applications and I refuse to allow that to get me down. Positive thinking allows me to keep going with a smile on my face. I am grateful because I have a family that chips in and we will be ok. I found out what is necessary and actually what isn’t a necessity. And we are doing ok. I accredited God for that.So in that aspect a positive attitude allows me to wake up in the morning with a plan of action and I am actually enthused about it. That enthusiasm allows me to stay positive, think positively and make my day a pleasant day with all kind s of new possibilities. How I feel about myself inside reflects how others will see me. A smile can be contagious. If I am positive others around me will be as well. Self-examination and having control of our thoughts is something that I am sure with practice I can master. We will always have challenges and obstacles.I have learned how we see them, deal with them and behave plays a vital role in the overall outcome. I have faith and devoted to the most high, as a servant I believe that he gives us the empowerment to control ourselves in a manner that allows us personal growth, strength and control over ourselves. We can benefit by staying positives self-examination, and correction and that is shown in our attitude, behavior and focused on our goals. Exercise: TBLS-self talk snapshot What’s going on up there http://www. positive-thinking-for-you. com/positivethinking. html

History Of Antimicrobial Agents Health And Social Care Essay

Chemical compounds biosynthetically or synthetically produced which either destroy or usefully stamp down the growing or metamorphosis of a assortment of microscopic or submicroscopic signifiers of life. On the footing of their primary activity, they are more specifically called bactericide, fungicide, antiprotozoal, antiparasitic, or antiviral agents.3.2 History of antimicrobic agentsThe modern epoch of antimicrobic chemotherapy began in 1929, with Fleming ‘s find of the powerful disinfectant substance, Penicillin and Domagk ‘s find in 1935 of man-made chemicals ( sulfa drugs ) with wide antimicrobic activity. In the early 1940 ‘s spurred partly by the demand for antibacterial agents in World War II, penicillin was isolated and purified and injected into experimental animate beings, where it was found non merely to bring around infections but besides to possess improbably low toxicity for the animate beings. This fact ushered into being the age of antibiotic chemot herapy, and an intense hunt for similar antimicrobic agents of low toxicity to animate beings that might turn out utile in the intervention of infective disease. The rapid isolation of Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline shortly followed, and by the 1950 ‘s, these and several other antibiotics were in clinical use ( 13 ) . The lustre of the antimicrobic epoch shortly began to demo grounds of tarnish nevertheless, as first bacteriums, so fungi, and so viruses began to develop opposition to the antimicrobic agents directed against them. Microbial inventiveness and resiliency have ne'er been more apparent than in their singular ability to develop opposition to chemotherapeutic agents. This is particularly true of bacteriums that have modified their Deoxyribonucleic acid by chromosomal mutant and by geting opposition cistrons via junction, transmutation, and even transduction. There are apparently no boundaries to the capablenesss of some micro-organisms to develop opposition. The acquisition of Vancocin opposition in Enterococci by the assembly of multiple foreign cistrons into permutable elements and the presentation of movable fluoroquinolone opposition cistrons in Klebsiella pneumoniae are 2 graphic illustrations of this ( 14,15 ) . Antimicrobial opposition has been fueled by inappropriate usage of antimicrobic agents, particularly those directed against bacteriums. Widespread industrial and agricultural usage of disinfectants has played a function, but the involuntariness of the medical profession to accept steps for the control of indiscriminate prescribing and inappropriate dosing of antibiotics besides need to be addressed. Clinicians have failed to cover with a potentially solvable job, and others are taking up the challenge. The grim spread of antimicrobic opposition is now of concern to bureaus of legion authoritiess and wellness bureaus worldwide, including the World Health Organization, which has attempted to supply rational solutions to the job ( 16 ) . Several writers ( 7,8 ) have reported concern about the uninterrupted indiscriminate and inordinate usage of antimicrobic agents that promote the outgrowth of antibiotic-resistant beings. Monitoring of antimicrobic usage and cognition of prescription wonts are some of the schemes recommended to incorporate opposition to disinfectants in hospitalized patients.3.3 Drug Utilization researchDrug Utilization research was defined by WHO as â€Å" the selling, distribution, prescription and usage of drugs in a society, with particular accent on the ensuing medical, societal and economic effects † . The primary importance of drug use research is to ease rational drug usage in the population. A good cognition about how drugs are prescribed aids in measuring the reason in drug use and to better prescribing patterns. It besides provides penetration into whether the prescribed drug therapy provides value for money. The part of use surveies for rational drug consists of three of import way s. Description of drug usage forms. Provides early signals of irrational drug usage. Helps in follow up of intercessions to better drug usage. The importance of Drug Utilization surveies increases in pharmacoepidemiolgy by bridging more closely with other countries such as public wellness, rational usage of drugs, grounds based drug usage, pharmacovigilance, pharmacoeconomics, eco -pharmacovigilance and pharmacogenetics ( 17 ) . The research in this field analyses the current province and the developmental tendency in drug use at assorted degrees of the wellness attention system, whether national, regional, local or institutional. They aid in measuring drug usage at a population degree, harmonizing to age, sex, societal category, morbidity and other factors ( 18 ) .3.4 Prescription and OrderingSurveies of prescription and prescribing are an of import portion of use surveies. On utilizing informations on prescriptions it is possible, To analyze forms of drug usage among patient classs defined by age, sex or diagnosing. To analyze the relation between prescribed medical specialty and evident indicant. Identify the unwellnesss most often treated. Identify and analyze prescription determiners, such as the extent to which prescribing has been influenced by peculiar information or promotion runs. Examine specific safety jobs in drug usage in the visible radiation of existent pattern ( 19 ) .3.5 Drug Use IndexsDatas from medical patterns and wellness installations may be used to mensurate specific facets of wellness proviso and drug usage. This information is used to bring forth indexs that provide information on ordering wonts and facets of patient attention. These indexs can be used to find where drug usage jobs exist, provide a mechanism for monitoring and supervising and motivate wellness attention suppliers to follow established wellness attention criterions. Prescription and dispensing informations are utile for finding some of the quality indexs of drug usage recommended by the WHO. These include: Average figure of drugs per brush Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name Percentage of brushs with an antibiotic prescribed Percentage of brushs with an injection prescribed Percentage of drugs prescribed from indispensable drugs list or formulary Average drug cost per brush The indexs of ordering patterns evaluate the public presentation of wellness attention suppliers in assorted dimensions related to allow usage of drugs ( 19 ) .3.5.1. Average figure of drugs per brushPurpose To mensurate the grade of polypharmacy. Prerequisites Combination drugs are counted as a individual drug prescription. Guidelines are needed on how to number certain equivocal prescribing patterns ( e.g. some standardised consecutive therapies ) . Calculation Average, calculated by spliting the entire figure of different drug merchandises prescribed, by the figure of brushs surveyed. It is non relevant whether the patient really received the drugs.3.5.2. Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic namePurpose To mensurate the inclination to order by generic name. Prerequisites Research workers must be able to detect the existent names used in the prescription instead than merely holding entree to the names of the merchandises dispensed, since these may be different ; a list must be available of specific merchandise names to be counted as generic drugs. Calculation Percentage, calculated by spliting the figure of drugs prescribed by generic name by the entire figure of drugs prescribed, multiplied by 100.3.5.3. Percentage of brushs with an antibiotic prescribedPurpose To mensurate the overall degree of Antibiotic usage. Prerequisites A list must be available of all the drug merchandises which are to be counted as antibiotics. Calculation per centums, calculated by spliting the figure of patient brushs during which an antibiotic was prescribed, by the entire figure of brushs surveyed, multiplied by 100.3.5.4. Percentage of brushs with an injection prescribedPurpose To mensurate the overall degree of usage of two of import, but normally overused and dearly-won signifiers of drug therapy. Prerequisites A list must be available of all the drug merchandises which are to be counted as antibiotics ; research workers must be instructed about which immunisations are non to be counted as injections. Calculation Percentages calculated by spliting the figure of patient brushs during which an injection is prescribed, by the entire figure of brushs surveyed, multiplied by 100. 3.5.5 Percentage of drugs prescribed from indispensable drugs Purpose To mensurate the grade to which patterns confirm to a national drug policy, as indicated by ordering from the national indispensable drugs list or formulary for the type of installation surveyed. Prerequisites Transcripts of a published national indispensable drugs list or local institutional pharmacopeia to which informations on prescribed drugs can be compared ; processs are needed for finding whether or non trade name name merchandises are tantamount to 1s looking in generic signifier on the drug list or formulary. Calculation Percentage, calculated by spliting the figure of merchandises prescribed which are listed on the indispensable drugs list or local pharmacopeia ( or which are tantamount to drugs on the list ) by the entire figure of merchandises prescribed, multiplied by 100 ( 19 ) .3.6 Intensive attention unit ( ICU )Intensive attention unit ( ICU ) is a scene where a big figure of drugs are administered to patients and where the costs of hospitalization and drug intervention are high. The usage of unequal empirical antimicrobic therapy is common in intensive attention unit patients and contributes to a figure of hapless results. In such puting choosing appropriate antimicrobic therapy is complicated by many factors, including the big figure of agents available, the presence of immune beings and the general desire among practicians to utilize the most focussed therapy available ( 20 ) . The prescribing of antibiotics in the ICU is normally empirical, based on general status of the patients hospitalized at that place. Appropriate antibiotic use in this scene is important non merely in guaranting an optimum result, but in restricting the outgrowth of opposition and containing costs. We propose that research in the ICUs is vitally of import in steering antibiotic prescription patterns and thereby advancing rational antibiotic therapy. There is broad institutional diverseness in the comparative prevalence of prevailing pathogens and their antimicrobic susceptibleness between infirmaries. Among different ICUs of same infirmary besides there is fluctuation in prevailing pathogens and their antimicrobic susceptibleness. Therefore, appropriate antibiotic prescription patterns should be formulated based on surveillance surveies and research for single ICUs ( 21 ) .3.7 Knowledge from old surveies3.7.1 In the Medical Intensive attention Unit of measurementsIn a drug use survey done in Western Nepal in 2003 by Shankar PR et Al ( Investigation of antimicrobic usage form in the intensive intervention unit of a teaching infirmary in western Nepal ) it was observed that Mean+/-SD drugs per patient was 3.4+/-1.8. About half ( 50.2 % ) of the patients received an antimicrobic ; 84.6 % of the disinfectants were used without obtaining bacteriologic grounds of infection. The commonest organisms isolated on civilization were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. A sum of 28.9 % of the disinfectants were prescribed for lower respiratory tract infections on the footing of the putative site of infection ; 61.9 % of the disinfectants were prescribed by the parenteral path and chiefly the older coevals of disinfectants were used. In 39 of the 149 patients prescribed an antimicrobic, the usage was irrational ( 22 ) . In 2010 Vandana A Bada et Al Studied Prescribing Pattern of Antimicrobial Agents in Medicine Intensive Care Unit of a Teaching Hospital in Central India and reported that in the intensive attention unit Cefotaxime was the most normally used AMA by 32 % patients, followed by Metronidazole by 24 % patients and Ampicillin by 17.29 % patients. 77 % patients were given 1- 3 AMAs, 23 % patients were given 4 – 8 AMAs. Most common indicant for the antimicrobic therapy was infection. Harmonizing to rating usage of antimicrobic therapy was rational in merely 30 % patients. Average figure of drugs per patients were 7.5 drugs ( 23 ) . Lisha Jenny toilet et Al during 2005-2006 studied use of antimicrobic agents in medical intensive attention unit of a third attention infirmary in Bangalore, India and reported that of the 902 patients admitted in the medical ICU during the survey period, male to female ratio was 1.9. The mean for age was 49.21A ±15.84 old ages. Extensive polypharmacy ( 100 % ) was noticed. The mean figure of drugs per patient ( prescription ) was 11.6A ±2.09.Cephalosporins 505 ( 69.3 % ) and aminoglycosides 263 ( 35 % ) were the normally prescribed antimicrobic drug category. Cefoperazone ( J01DD12 ) 218 ( 30 % ) , amikacin 211 ( 28.9 % ) , metronidazole 208 ( 28.6 % ) were the normally prescribed antimicrobic drug category. A sum of 228 perscriptions ( 31.3 % ) contained two antimicrobic prescription and ( 187 ) 25.7 % contained 3 drugs. Cefoperazone + sulbactam ( J01DD62 ) 224 ( 30.8 % ) was the most common FDC noticed ( 24 ) . A survey done in 1992 by MV Srishyla et Al surveyed the Antimicrobial prescribing form in the in-patient scene of a 800-bedded third infirmary in Bangalore, India showed that 56 % of in-patients were prescribed antimicrobic agents and 44 % of them received a combination of disinfectants. In all, 36 different antimicrobic agents were prescribed. Gentamicin ( 17 % ) , Metronidazole ( 9 % ) and Ciprofloxacin ( 8 % ) were the most normally used agents. Lower respiratory tract infection was the most common. The type of usage was empirical in 34 % , directed in 27 % and contraceptive in 32 % of the prescriptions. Of the contraceptive prescriptions, 80 % were for surgical prophylaxis and 61 % of these were administered by unwritten path. Besides, the continuance of disposal exceeded 72 hours in 92 % of the patients prescribed disinfectants for surgical prophylaxis ( 25 ) .3.7.2 In the Paediatric Intensive Care UnitsIn 2003, Palikhe N studied the Prescribing form of antibiotics in pediatric infirmary of Kathmandu vale and it was found that the mean figure of drugs per patient was 5.01+/-1.36 and figure of antibiotics per patient was 2.41+/-1.02. More than 98 % of the patients were exposed to, at least, two drugs. Among 121 patients clinically diagnosed with infective diseases and treated with antibiotics, specimens were taken for civilization in merely 24 instances i.e. ( 19.8 % ) to place infective beings. Merely 13 specimens showed positive civilization consequences. Infants less than 1 twelvemonth received antibiotics more often than 1-5 and 5-12 old ages ( 40, 31 and 29 % , P & lt ; 0.001, P=0.000 ) . Seventy-five per centum of the entire antibiotics were administered parenterally. Cephalosporin was the top most often prescribed antibiotic group followed by penicillin group. Significant difference was found between age group of patient and disease encountered ( chi2 = 42.95, P=0.000 ) ( 26 ) . Shankar P R et Al studied the prescribing forms among pediatric inmates in a teaching infirmary in western Nepal during 2003-2004 and observed that 356 patients were admitted during the survey period, of which 228 were male. The average continuance of hospitalization was four yearss. The average figure of drugs prescribed per admittance was 4.5. 789 drugs ( 48.9 per centum ) were prescribed by the parenteral path. Antibiotics were prescribed in 249 admittances ( 69.9 per centum ) . Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter species were the common beings isolated, and were resistant in some instances to the commonly-used antibiotics. The mean ( +/- criterion divergence ) cost of drugs per admittance was 5.4 ( +/-1.6 ) US dollars ( 27 ) . In the twelvemonth 2004 Ansam Sawalha et Al studied the Pattern of parenteral Antimicrobial Prescription among Pediatric Patients in Al-Watani Governmental Hospital in Palestine and found that three hundred and 40 pediatric patients were admitted to Al-Watani authorities infirmary during the survey period. Gastroenteritis was the most common cause of hospitalization, while upper respiratory piece of land infection ( URTI ) was the most common cause of parenteral antimicrobic agent disposal. Two hundred and 10s ( 61.8 % ) patients received parenteral antimicrobic agents while 16 ( 4.7 % ) received both parenteral and unwritten antimicrobic agents. Single antimicrobic agent was prescribed for ( 50.6 % ) patients. Cefuroxime was the chief individual antimicrobic agent used ; it was administered to 70/226 ( 31 % ) patients ( 28 ) . Aparna Williams et Al ( Antibiotic prescription forms at admittance into a third degree intensive attention unit in Northern India ) analysed Antibiotic prescription forms at admittance into a third degree intensive attention unit in Northern India and found that a sum of 1246 drugs and 418 antibiotics were prescribed in the 200 patients studied, that is, an norm of 6.23 ( A ± SD 2.73 ) drugs/prescription and 2.09 ( A ± SD 1.27 ) antibiotics/prescription. Antibiotics were prescribed on 190 patients ( 95 % ) at admittance. There was a important correlativity between the figure of patients prescribed three or more antibiotics and mortality rates 53 % nonsurvivors vs. 33.5 % subsisters ( P = 0.015 ) . The mean cost of the antibiotics was Rupees 1995.08 ( A ± SD 2099.99 ) per patient and antibiotics outgo accounted for 73.2 % of the entire drug costs ( 29 ) .3.7.3In the Neonatal Intensive Care UnitsWarrier cubic decimeter et Al studied the Pattern of drug use in a neonatal intensiv e attention unit in Children ‘s Hospital of Michigan during 1997 to 2004 and reported that average drug usage was 3.6/infant, with the highest usage in the 24- to 27-week gestational age group ( 11.7/infant ) . Ampicillin and Claforan had the highest exposure rates. Premature babies had high usage of wetting agent, vasoconstrictor agents, and water pills. Caucasians, males, gestational age & lt ; 28 hebdomads, and birthweight & lt ; 1000 g were the hazard factors for higher drug exposure ( 30 ) . T. B. Yves Liem et al did a survey during 2005 by roll uping informations from all third attention NICUs in the Netherlands on clinical and demographic features and the type and measure of systemic antibiotic usage were analysed. It was found that Antibiotic ingestion ranged from 130 to 360 DDD/100 admittances. In entire, 9-24 different antibiotics were used, of which 3-10 were in the Drug Utilization 90 % section. In the bulk of the NICUs ( 6 out of 10 ) , extended-spectrum penicillins ( Amoxil and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid ) , ?-lactamase resistant and sensitive penicillins ( flucloxacillin and penicillin G, severally ) , aminoglycosides ( Garamycin and amikacin ) , Cephalosporins ( first and 3rd coevals ) and glycopeptides ( Vancocin and teicoplanin ) were used ( 31 ) . Another survey done by Fanos V et Al found that penicillins, Mefoxins, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, monobactams and carbapenems are the categories of disinfectants often used in NICU. Chloromycetin, cotrimoxazole, macrolides, clindamycin, rifampicin and Flagyl are seldom used ( 32 ) . In 2007 Natalie Schellack et Al analysed antibiotic prescribing forms in a neonatal intensive attention unit of the Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital in Ga-Rankuwa and reported that Of the 100 patients followed, 95 were prescribed endovenous antibiotics. All prescribed antibiotics for 77 patients are listed in the antibiotic policy. Nineteen different antibiotics were prescribed, and 11 of the 19 prescribed antibiotics appear in the antibiotic policy. Most patients received more than two antibiotics during their stay, as the mean figure of antibiotics used per patient during the survey period was 3.4. The mean continuance of usage for all antibiotics, except cefepime and Rocephin, was for longer than seven yearss. Although antibiotics were used harmonizing to the ward protocol in the bulk of patients, divergences from the protocol were associated with patients ‘ clinical status and/or consequences from blood civilizations ( 33 ) . There are no sufficient informations available about the use form of antimicrobic agents in the Intensive attention Units of third attention infirmaries of South India, particularly Tamilnadu. Current ordering form of Antimicrobial Drugs in a geographical country is needed to analyze the reason in use and to do necessary alterations in the use form if needed. It will besides assist to explicate antibiotic policy for the establishment which will assist in the bar of farther outgrowth of antibiotic opposition. So this survey is done to analyze the current use form of Antimicrobial agents in the Intensive Care Units: NICU ( Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ) , PICU ( Paediatric Intensive Care Unit ) and MICU ( Medical Intensive Care Unit ) of Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puduche